Use the searchable Web version of our user's guide to answer your questions about how specific features in NoodleBib work:
http://www.noodletools.com/noodlebib/usersguide/
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1. Read the NoodleBib User's Guide (a PDF version is also available).
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In NoodleBib, your work is stored in a "personal folder." Your "personal ID" (and password) is your key to your personal folder. It identifies you uniquely, and allows you to access your personal folder from any computer that has Internet access and a Web browser.
Important: Your personal ID is NOT THE SAME as your school or library subscription username/password!
Individual user?If you are an "individual user" (i.e., you purchased a personal/family subscription to NoodleTools using PayPal or PayFlow Link), a personal folder was created automatically for you when you subscribed. Just log in using the username and password you selected on the sign-up form. You do not need to click the Create a new folder link on the login screen. If you already have a personal ID but cannot remember it, you can click here to retrieve it. If you are not yet subscribed, you can subscribe now.
Logging in through your school or library subscription or trial?The first time you use NoodleBib, you will need to select a personal ID and password for yourself.
Follow these steps:
Using the free NoodleBib MLA Starter tool?
The first time you use NoodleBib MLA Starter, you will need to select a personal ID and password for yourself.
Follow these steps:
Welcome to NoodleBib, a fully-integrated note-taking and documentation program which is anchored in the best practices of academic research and inquiry learning. Known as the most comprehensive and accurate bibliography composer on the Web, NoodleBib also includes a note-taking component which enables you to extract, organize and synthesize information that you find during the research process. NoodleBib is a flexible teaching tool which supports both individual learning preferences and a variety of teaching styles.
Taking notes and correctly citing your sources has never been easy, as the 50-70% of students who admit to plagiarism can testify. To extract, understand, summarize, synthesize and integrate notes from multiple online and print sources requires both analytical and creative thinking. Documenting those sources by sifting through hundreds of pages of the appropriate style manual is challenging – and the examples in those books don't always match the information you can find about the source you have. Finally, printed notes don't facilitate a comparison of the authority and value of your sources.
That's not to say that examples of notecards or citations aren't available. Many Web sites show samples of note-taking cards, examples of summaries and paraphrases, and thousands of Web sites contain citation examples. If you compare an example given on one site with a similar example on a different site, you are likely to become confused – they're inconsistent. University professors, database vendors, and librarians often disagree about methods and formats. Nor does telling you to "say it in your own words" provide you with the just-in-time scaffolding and organizational structure that can help you think and create your own work.
The NoodleBib solution: Convenient Web-based software to extract and organize notes from your sources as you build your working bibliography. Tools that help you think, assess, and synthesize ideas -- and complete a polished source list that accurately reflects the latest editions and interpretations of the MLA Handbook, APA Publication Manual, or Turabian's Manual for Writers (or Chicago Manual of Style).
Cite an individual post on a listserv by selecting "Electronic Mailing List" as the citation type. If you are trying to cite the entire listserv, not just an individual post, use the "Web Site" citation type instead, providing the name of the listserv as the name of the Web site.
Whenever possible, site the version of the listserv post that has been archived on the listserv's Web site, rather than the e-mail that you receive. This allows your reader to locate the post as well.
When you do a search in Google or another search engine, the results represent links to external Web pages (not content published by the search company). Google software crawls the Web and creates an index of Web pages that that the robot "spider" finds. When you type search term(s) into the search box, Google's software searches this index. Therefore, there is no need to cite Google if all you have done is used it as a search engine to find other information. If you wish to indicate the search engine used, you can say something in your research paper like "When I searched [indicate the words you searched on] in Google..."
Within a single article
If you are citing two "pieces" of a single article, cite the entire article in your bibliography and then refer to the specific pages in parenthetical references in the body of your paper.
Within a single source
If you are citing two articles or sections within a source (book, magazine, etc.), cite both articles/sections individually in your bibliography. In MLA, you can use cross references if you are citing two sections of an anthology.
Within a Web site
If you are citing two separate pages from a single Web site, provide individual entries in your bibliography for both sources.
The distinction between a book and a reference book can be confusing. Some books that you might "reference" are still considered "books" for the purposes of citation.
Reference books are used to find factual information on a subject, and are not usually read all the way through or chapter by chapter. In a K-12 library, reference books are usually located in a special reference collection area, and cannot be checked out. Reference books include dictionaries, encyclopedias, thesauri, almanacs, atlases, and directories.
As a side note, in APA, the reader must also distinguish between reference books and what are called "annual periodicals." For example, consider a yearbook (which looks like a reference work). Annual periodicals often resemble edited books. To tell the difference, look at the publication's subtitle. If the subtitle changes annually, it should be treated as an edited book or reference work. If there is no subtitle, or the subtitle does not change year to year, it should be treated as an annual periodical.
Although citing the page number(s) used will essentially guide the reader of your bibliography to the proper place in the source (the appendix), it is generally clearer to also state the appendix letter as part of the section title, as in "Appendix A: Selected Reference Works by Field" (note capitalization of title differs depending on citation style).
MLA does not offer specific advice on citing a survey that you have created yourself. However, a survey is essentially a type of interview (MLA 5.7.7), therefore we suggest that you cite it in a similar manner.
Last name, First name. "Name of survey." Survey. DD Month YYYY.
Example of print survey citation:
Abilock, Damon. "Hot Lunch Options." Survey. 6 June 2009.Example of web survey citation:
Abilock, Damon. "Hot Lunch Options." Survey. Name of Web Site. Publisher of Web Site, 6 June 2009. Web. 29 Aug. 2009. <http://www.noodletools.com>.
Unlike the previous edition, the 7th edition of the MLA Handbook indicates that an entry for the U.S. Code (USC) can be included in both the Works Cited list and using in-text references. In previous editions, the recommendation was to only include in-text references. The new wording in section 5.7.14 also seems to suggest that Works Cited entries could be included for familiar historical documents like the U.S. Constitution or the Declaration of Independence. However, no examples are provided for these.
MLA provides seemingly contradictory information about how to cite the US Code, referring the reader to the Blue Book but then giving an example for that is not consistent with guidance in the Blue Book or even with the examples they had provided in the 6th edition of the MLA Handbook. Note that this is not currently offered as a citation type in NoodleBib.
Works Cited entry for the US Code * :
17 USC. Sec. 304. 2000. Print.
* Note that this should be alphabetized in your Works Cited list as if it began with "United States Code."
Use parenthetical (in-text) references as follows:
Example for the US Constitution:
...President can be impeached for "high crimes and misdemeanors" (US Const., art. 2, sec. 4).
This refers to Article 2, Section 4 on impeachment of the President in the United States Constitution.
Or for the 5th Amendment of the Bill of Rights:
(US Const., amend. V)
Example for the US Code:
...terrorist lookout committees within each United States mission to a foreign country (8 USC 1733, 2002) have been created.
This refers to Title 8, Section 1733 about aliens and nationality in the United States Code.
More about the US Code:
The USC is divided into 50 "titles." For example, the Internal Revenue Code is title 26, so a parenthetical reference for the Web page http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-tege/irc457.pdf would look like this: (26 USC 457, 2002).
Other titles include:
15 (Commerce and Trade, including trademark statutes)
17 (Copyrights)
18 (Federal criminal statutes)
26 (Internal Revenue Code, the federal tax law)
35 (Patents)
47 (Communications law: telephone, radio/television, etc.)
One way to cite multiple parts of an anthology is to create one complete citation for the entire anthology and then individual citations that refer to (or "cross reference") that main entry. Cross references are not required, but they can reduce repetition and improve the readability of your list. If you do not choose to use them, you must create a full citation for every source that you use in the anthology.
Hochschild, Arlie Russell. "Work: The Great Escape." New York Times Magazine 20 Apr. 1977: n. pag. Rpt. in Reading Culture: Contexts for Critical Reading and Writing. Ed. Diana George and John Trimbur. 5th ed. New York: Pearson-Longman, 2004. 366-73. Print.
NoodleBib does not currently support cross referencing, so you'll need to follow this procedure to add the cross references manually after you have saved your list out to Word.
Procedure:
Create a single citation for the entire anthology, including the editor(s) or compiler(s) in NoodleBib
George, Diana, and John Trimbur, eds. Reading Culture: Contexts for Critical Reading and Writing. 5th ed. New York: Pearson-Longman, 2004. Print.
Then for each selection from the anthology that you refer to in your paper, provide the author and title of the selection, the last name(s) of the collection's editor(s) of the collection, and the page numbers.
Lu, Min-Zhan. "From Silence to Words: Writing as Struggle." George and Trimbur 135-44.
Hochschild, Arlie Russell. "Work: The Great Escape." George and Trimbur 366-73.
If your works cited list has a second work by the same editor(s), include the abbreviated name of the anthology in the cross reference:
Lu, Min-Zhan. "From Silence to Words: Writing as Struggle." George and Trimbur, Reading Culture 135-44.
There are no specific requirements for what contributors to include. The director and producer are typically credited in a citation.
If your paper focuses on the performance of one or more of the actors, it would make sense to list those actors in the citation. Be sure you read the instructions next to the "Other people involved in production" field in NoodleBib. Names you provide should be preceeded by a title (By, Dir., Prod., etc.) and written in First - Middle - Last order. Each group of names should be separated with a period, as in:
By E. M. Forster. Dir. James Ivory. Prod. Ismail Merchant. Perf. Maggie Smith, Denholm Eliot, Helena Bonham Carter, and Daniel Day-Lewis. Adapt. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala.
Are you citing an edited cookbook with recipes compiled from different people?
If the cookbook is a collection of recipes that the editor has collected from individual people or restaurants and published together, then treat it as an anthology. To cite a single recipe, select "Anthology / Book Collection" as the citation type, then leave the default "Material in a book (collection)" option selected.
Are you citing a cookbook of original recipes by a single chef?
If the cookbook is a collection of recipes attributed to a single chef, cite the cookbook as a book. To cite a single recipe, answer "a chapter or part of the book" when asked what content of the book you are citing.
If you are required to provide a URL but it is complex, you can supply the URL of a search page from which your enter the author's name, title or keywords and return to your source.
Example of a long and complex Google Map URL:
<http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=1325+44th+Street+Brooklyn&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=55.323926,86.572266&ie=UTF8&layer=c&cbll=40.637388,-73.988489&panoid=Q9V1wsNB0bPg_NdWMx4XCw&cbp=12,40.01,,0,20.55&ll=40.637447,-73.988588&spn=0,359.997717&z=19&iwloc=A>
Example of a shorter but still complex American Memory URL:
<http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lprbscsm&fileName=scsm0717/lprbscsmscsm0717.db&recNum=0&itemLink=D?scsmbib:1:./temp/~ammem_kxrH::>.
Since you can find this source by searching on the title "Facsimile of Gettysburg address in Lincoln's hand on an envelope" on the American Memory search page <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html>, you could use the search page URL instead.
Definition: An MP3 is a digital audio file type similar to "wav," "aiff" and "midi" files. You will be asked to provide the name of the file format in your citation. If you cannot determine the audio file format, you may use the general description "Digital file" in your citation instead of a specific type.
Generally you will encounter an audio file online on a Web page (Case #1) or as an independent digital file (Case #2). An "independent" digital file might be one you get in an e-mail which you save to your computer or one you buy in an online store like iTunes or Amazon and download to a digital playback device.
Procedure: For any digital audio file, choose "Sound Recording." You will be asked to choose among the following options:
Case #1: An audio file of a professional recording on a Web page (MLA 5.7.2)
In this example, we use the Egmont Overture available online from the Internet Archive
Your citation will look like this:
Mengelberg, Willem, cond. Egmont Overture, Op. 84. Comp. [Ludwig van] Beethoven. Rec. 4 Jan. 1930. Victor, 1930. Internet Archive. Web. 12 Sept. 2009. <http://ia311036.us.archive.org/3/items/BeethovenEgmontOverturemengelberg/Beethoven-EgmontOverturemengelberg.mp3>.
NOTES:
Case #2: An digital file of a professional recording on a playback device (MLA 5.7.18)
In this example we use the Egmont Overture on an iPod:
Your citation will look like this:
Beethoven, Ludwig van. "Egmont Overture, Op. 84." Moscow Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra. Beethoven's Greatest Hits. SLG, 2008. MP3 file.
NOTES:
BrainPOP creates and distributes its own proprietary video content online.
Procedure: Select "Film or Video Recording" as the citation type, then choose:
An example citation:
Cesar Chavez. BrainPOP. FWD Media, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2009. <http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/famoushistoricalfigures/cesarchavez/>.
NOTES:
This is something not covered by the APA publication manual, so we have to make an educated guess. We have 3 clues:
Putting these three clues together, an educated guess is:
Author of Notes (Copyright Year). Title of section in the liner notes. In Title of the album (pp. x-y) [CD liner notes]. City of recording company: Name of recording company.
An example (partly made up):
Lewiston, D. (1990). About the performers. In The Balinese gamelan: Music from the morning of the world (p. 2) [CD liner notes]. Los Angeles: Nonesuch Records.
Names of portals and search interfaces should not be part of your citation. This is a frequent point of confusion, because the title of the search interface is sometimes more prominent on the screen than the title of the database. For example, the search interfaces below would not appear in your citations:
The same goes for portals or collections of databases created by publishers. Give the specific database name, not the name of the collection. The following collection names would not appear in your citation:
What they mean and how to use them
When you cite publication information in MLA style, you give the place of publication, the name of the publisher, publication date and page numbers (if appropriate). If any of these components are missing, the MLA guidelines instruct you to substitute the following abbreviations: n.d. ("no date"), n.p. ("no place" or "no publisher") or n.pag. ("no pages given").
For example...
N.p.: Harper, n.d.
...means that the publisher is Harper and Row, but neither the city of publication nor the year of publication is given.
New York: Harper, 2008. N. pag.
...means that the book is not paginated.
Providing information that you know
If the source doesn't state the publication date, you can still provide it in your citation in brackets if you know it [1806] or even if you think you know it [1806?].
Brackets can be used around the publisher and city of publication in a similar manner.
Cowell, Andrew, ed. World EXPO 88: The Official Souvenir Program. [Brisbane]: Walsh, 1988. Print.
...means that the city of publication is known but not explicitly stated in the book.
[Eng.]: n.p., n.d.
...means that the writer knows that the source was published in England, but the source did not indicate either the publisher nor the date of publication.
Providing required information that you don't know
Sometimes the place of publication is required, so you may have to do some research to find it, then add it in square brackets.
Aitken, Robert. "Criticism by Robert Aitken." DISCovering Authors. Detroit: Gale, n.d. N. pag. Rpt. of A Zen Wave: Basho's Haiku and Zen. [New York]: Weatherhill, 1978. N. pag. Student Resource Center Gold. Web. 15 Sept. 2009. <http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/start.do?prodId=SRC-1&userGroupName=palo_alto>.
The APA Publication Manual doesn't address this particular case of course, but you can use the "Computer Software" citation type and replace the description ("Computer software") with something like "Xbox game" -- for example:
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban [Xbox game]. (2004). Electronic Arts.
The APA Publication Manual doesn't specify what to do with a book on tape when you would like to credit both the author of the book and the narrator (when they are different), but our suggestion is to provide the names as shown here:
Rowling, J. K. (Author), & Fry, S. (Narrator). (2000). Harry Potter and the chamber of secrets [CD]. Bath: Cover to Cover.
This is similar to what you do with names when you want to cite several contributors to a motion picture (for example, the writer, director, producer, etc.).
Title of video: "Learning differences: Effective teaching with learning styles and multiple intelligences programs 9-12"
Title of chapter: "The hook and hold strategy: anticipatory set"
Since the APA Publication Manual does not address what to do when a video is divided up into distinct sections, you could start drawing parallels to other citations that are similar, for example a "single episode in a television series", where both the series name and episode name are given in the citation. However, we would recommend that instead of inventing new rules that may or may not be right, you should cite the recording as a whole, then refer to the specific part in the text of your paper. So your citation would be:
Learning differences: Effective teaching with learning styles and multiple intelligences programs 9-12 [Motion picture]. (2002). United States: Walden University.
The in-text citation would be:
...and in "The hook and hold strategy: anticipatory set," we find that blah blah blah (Learning, 2002).
Next to each citation you create in NoodleBib APA, you'll find a link titled "Parenthetical Reference Help." Click the link to get information about how to refer to that particular entry in-text, as well as a list of rules to follow for parenthetical references in general. We've listed that information here as well for your convenience.
What is a parenthetical reference?
A parenthetical reference is a reference within the body of your paper to one of the sources in your reference list. It indicates to your reader exactly what you derived from the source, and specifically where they can find it. You need to write a parenthetical, or "in-text" reference, whether you quote the material directly from the source, paraphrase it in your own words, or refer to an idea derived from the material.
What typically goes in an APA-style parenthetical reference?
The information that you need to include depends on what type of source the material comes from. For printed material, you normally only need to include the author(s) (or article title if there is no author) and year of publication (never the month or day) in your reference. When citing a specific part of a source (for example, a direct quotation), you will also want to indicate the page number(s) or other designation (chapter, figure, table, equation, etc.). For Internet sources, paragraph numbers can be used when page numbers are not available.
The information described above can be either included in the sentence that you write, or added in parentheses at the end of the sentence (see Rule 2).
What other rules do I need to know to write my reference correctly?
Rule 1: Placement
The parentheses are usually placed at the end of a sentence, between the last word and the period. If you are quoting material directly, the parentheses should go between the closing quotation mark and the period:
|
"The chicken came before the egg" (Smith, 2001). |
Rule 2: Sentence vs. parentheses
Only information that is not already contained in your sentence is necessary in the parenthetical reference. For example, in the following example the author's last name, Smith, is already stated, so only the publication date is necessary within the parentheses:
|
Smith theorizes that the chicken came before the egg (2001). |
Rule 3: Works by multiple authors
In parentheses, separate authors' names with an ampersand (&). When a work has two authors, cite both names every time you refer to the work. When the work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time your write the parenthetical reference, but only the first author followed et al. in subsequent references. When the work has six or more authors, cite just the first author followed by et al. for all references, including the first. Some examples:
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2 authors: 3-5 authors: 6+ authors: |
Rule 4: Referring to a source more than once in a paragraph
There are three ways to vary your in-text references:
When the name of the author is part of the narrative [as in #1), you need not include the year in subsequent nonparenthetical references within that paragraph as long as this does not cause any confusion. However, if you add parenthetical citations later in the paragraph, include the year. For example:
|
Smith, Jones, & Williams (2001) found that the chicken came before the egg. While this might seem remarkable, their other discoveries are even more amazing. Smith et al. found that some chickens crossed the road before laying their eggs. As if this wasn't miraculous enough, they also reported results for chicks. Apparently chicks cannot lay eggs (Smith, Jones, & Williams, 2001). |
When the author's name and year occur within the parenthetical reference (as in #2), include the year in subsequent parenthetical references in the paragraph.
|
The chicken came before the egg (Smith, Jones, & Williams, 2001). Even more astounding, Smith et al. (2001) found that some chickens crossed the road before laying their eggs. |
You may occasionally vary your sentence structure by including both the author and date in the narrative (as in #3). In this case, no parenthetical information is needed.
Rule 5: Distinguishing works by authors with the same last name
Information you provide in the parenthetical reference should distinguish exactly which work in your source list you are referring to. If two or more authors in your reference list have the same last name, add their first and middle initials as well. For example:
|
J. Smith (2001) and R. G. Smith (2002) have proven that the chicken came first. |
Rule 6: Distinguishing works by the same author with the same publication date
To differentiate works that have the same author and the same publication date, suffix the publication date of each work with a lowercase letter (a, b, c, etc.) in both the reference list and the parenthetical reference, in the order they appear in the reference list. NoodleBib does not do this for you automatically, so you will need to add this manually when applicable. For example:
|
In the reference list: In text: |
Rule 7: Identifying works with no author
If the work does not have an author listed, and is shown and alphabetized in your source list by its title, then you should refer to it in the parenthetical reference by its title as well. The title may be shortened to the first few words if it is long (for instance, do not include the subtitle), and should be quoted or in italics if it is quoted or in italics in your source list. Unlike your reference list, where only the first word in the title and subtitle are capitalized, the full title should be capitalized in your parenthetical reference. For example:
|
The chicken came before the egg (Book of Poultry, 2001). |
If the author of the work is listed as "Anonymous" (and that is the way you are referring to it in your reference list), then cite it in text the same way. For example:
|
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Anonymous, 2001). |
Rule 8: Citing two or more works in one reference
Sometimes you may need to cite two or more works within a single parenthetical reference. To cite multiple works by the same authors, list the last names followed by the dates of publication for each work. See Rule 6 if publication dates are also the same. List in press references last. For example:
|
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Smith & Jones, 1998, 2001, 2003, in press). |
To cite multiple works by different authors, separate the author/date groups by semicolons, and list the authors in alphabetical order. For example:
|
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Jones, 2001; Smith, 1998, in press; Williams, 2003). |
Rule 9: Referring to a specific part of a work
Include page numbers (or an alternate numbering, as described here) if citing a direct quotation (see exception below). Sources sometimes use alternate numbering systems like sections (sec.), chapters (chap.), books, figures, tables, parts, verses, lines, acts, or scenes. Content within online sources can often only be referenced by paragraph (para.) number. If an alternate numbering system is used, include that information instead of page numbers.
Exception: Do not provide page numbers when citing parts of classic works (the Bible, classic verse, etc.). Instead include specific line, book, and section numbers as appropriate.
|
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Smith, 2001, pp. 3-4). |
Occasionally, a source may have neither page nor paragraph numbers. In this case, provide the heading of the section and the number of the paragraph following that heading, as in:
|
One e-book reports a different theory (Smith, 2001, Introduction section, para. 4). |
Rule 10: Personal communications
Personal communications like e-mails, unpublished letters and memos, and personal interviews are not included in your reference list, but they should be identified in text. Provide the full name (first and middle initials and the full last name) of the person, as well as the exact date of the communication (if possible):
|
J. Smith (personal communication, January 23, 2001) insists that the chicken came first. Another scientist (R.G. Smith, personal communication, February 2, 2001) says the opposite. |
Rule 11: Classical works
If you know the original date of publication for a classical work, it is often useful to provide that in your reference:
|
Smith (1820/1999) insists that the chicken came first. |
For very old works, the year of publication may not be applicable. For these sources, list the year of the translation or version:
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The chicken came first (Smith, trans. 1999). |
A citation (in your References list) is not required for a well-known classical work like the Bible. However, you should parenthetically indicate the version (if applicable) after your first reference to the work. Use book/chapter/verse/line/cantos numbers to refer to specific parts of the work, not page numbers:
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Genesis 1:3 (Revised Standard Edition). |
Article keywords: parenthetical, parenthetical reference, apa parenthetical reference, in-text, in-text reference, apa in-text reference, intext, intext reference, as cited in, quote, quotation, (emphasis: parenthetical, parenthetical, parenthetical, in-text, in-text, in-text)
Next to each citation you create in NoodleBib MLA (except for in the Starter version), you'll find a link titled "Parenthetical Reference." Click the link to get information about how to refer to that particular entry in-text, as well as a list of rules to follow for parenthetical references in general. We've listed that information here as well for your convenience. If you are citing the Bible or another such religious work, please refer to this knowledge base article that specifically addresses that type of source.
What is a parenthetical reference?
A parenthetical reference is a reference within the body of your paper to one of the sources listed in your Works Cited list. It indicates to your reader exactly what you derived from the source, and specifically where they can find it. You need to write a parenthetical, or "in-text" reference, whether you quote the material directly from the source, paraphrase it in your own words, or refer to an idea derived from the material.
What typically goes in an MLA-style parenthetical reference?
The information that you need to include depends on what type of source the material comes from. For printed material, you normally only need to include the author(s) (or title if there is no author) and page number(s) in your reference. For multi-volume works like encyclopedias, you may also need to include a volume number (see Rules 6 and 7 below). For Internet sources, sometimes an alternative to page numbers, such as paragraph numbers, are cited.
The information described above can be either included in the sentence that you write, or added in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
What other rules do I need to know to write a parenthetical reference?
Rule 1: Placement
The parentheses are usually placed at the end of a sentence, between the last word and the period. If you are quoting material directly, the parentheses should go between the closing quotation mark and the period:
|
"The chicken came before the egg" (Smith 21). |
Rule 2: Sentence vs. parentheses
Only information that is not already contained in your sentence is necessary in the parenthetical reference. For example, in the following example the author's last name, Smith, is already stated, so only the page numbers are necessary within the parentheses:
|
Smith theorizes that the chicken came before the egg (21-33). |
Rule 3: When author names are similar or the same
Information you provide in the parenthetical reference should distinguish exactly which work in your source list you are referring to. Add a first initial or whole first name if the last name is not unique in your source list, or add the title of the work if there is more than one work by the same author. For example:
|
It has been proven that the chicken came before the egg (J. Smith 21-33). |
Rule 4: When there is no author
If the work is listed and alphabetized in your source list by its title (no author), then you should refer to it in the parenthetical reference by its title as well. The title may be shortened to just the first word (not including articles like "The" and "A"), and should be quoted or underlined if it is quoted or underlined in your source list. For example:
|
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Chicken 21-33). |
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Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Smith, 2006). |
Rule 5: Page numbers and other numbering systems
Sources sometimes use alternate numbering systems like sections (sec.), chapters (ch.), books (bk.), parts (pt.), verses, lines, acts, or scenes. Content within online sources can often only be referenced by paragraph number. If an alternate numbering system is used, include that information instead of page numbers. Note that a comma is used after the author (or title) in this case.
|
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Smith, pars. 3-7). |
Occasionally, you may find that page numbers are available in addition to these other numbering systems. In this case, it is helpful to include both; provide the page number first, followed by a semicolon, and then the other identifying information. An example follows:
|
One novel reports a different theory (Smith 55; pt. 1, sec. 3, ch. 1). |
An exception to this rule is that when you are citing a classic verse play or poem, it is standard to omit page numbers even if they are given, and instead cite by division (act, scene, canto, book, part) and line. Divisions and the line number(s) are separated with periods, as in the following examples:
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In his classic play, Smith jokes about the egg (Egg 1.4.55-56). |
Rule 6: When to cite the volume number
If you are referring to a multi-volume work like an encyclopedia AND you used more than one volume of that work in your paper, then your parenthetical reference should include the volume number you used, as in the following example where we are referring to pages 2-4 of the third volume:
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Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg ("Egg" 3:2-4). |
Rule 7: Referring to an entire work
If you are referring to an entire work (like an opera or an entire novel) and not a specific section of the work, state the author and/or title within the sentence, and do not add any further information in parentheses. For example:
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Smith's opera "Chicken and Egg" is a light-hearted comedy. |
An exception to the rule above is that if you are citing an entire volume of a multi-volume work, you should include the volume number (either within the sentence, or in parentheses as shown below). Note that we use the abbreviation vol. when page numbers are not provided, unlike the example for Rule 5.
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Volume 2 of Smith's book solves the chicken and egg mystery. |
Rule 8: Quoting or paraphrasing a quotation
If what you quote or paraphrase in your paper is itself a quotation in the source, add the phrase "qtd. in" to the parenthetical reference as shown here:
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"I have proven that the chicken came before the egg" (qtd. in J. Smith 21). |
Article keywords: parenthetical, parenthetical reference, mla parenthetical reference, in-text, in-text reference, mla in-text reference, intext, intext reference, qtd. in, quoted in, quote, quotation, (emphasis: parenthetical, parenthetical, parenthetical, in-text, in-text, in-text)
Religious Works are cited in-text a bit differently than other sources. Italicize the title of the specific edition and use book/chapter/verse information rather than page numbers: ...the end of your sentence (Title, Book Chapter.Verse(s)). As an example, New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10 would indicate that you are referring to chapter 1, verses 5 to 10 of the book Ezekiel in the edition of the Bible named The New Jerusalem Bible. What is a parenthetical reference? A parenthetical reference is a reference within the body of your paper to one of the sources listed in your Works Cited list. It indicates to your reader exactly what you derived from the source, and specifically where they can find it. You need to write a parenthetical, or "in-text" reference, whether you quote the material directly from the source, paraphrase it in your own words, or refer to an idea derived from the material. What other rules do I need to know to write a parenthetical reference?
Rule 1: Placement "for all have sinned" (New Jerusalem Bible, Rom. 3.23).
Rule 2: Sentence vs. parentheses In Romans 3:23, Paul states that "all have sinned."
Rule 3: Abbreviate the name of books in the Bible
Rule 4: Supply only book, chapter, and verse(s) after the first reference Paul states "for all have sinned" (New Jerusalem Bible, Rom. 3.23). Later he asks "Do we, then, nullify the law by this faith?" (Rom. 3.31).
The parentheses are usually placed at the end of a sentence, between the last word and the period. If you are quoting material directly, the parentheses should go between the closing quotation mark and the period:
Only information that is not already contained in your sentence is necessary in the parenthetical reference. For example, in the following example the location in the Bible is already stated, so there is no need for additional information in parentheses at the end of the sentence:
For example, "Gen." for Genesis, and "Rom." for Romans. For a complete list of abbreviations for the books in the Bible, you may refer to section 7.7.1 of the MLA Handbook (abbreviations may be made available here at a later time).
After you have referred to the title and/or version of the religious work once in your paper, you may leave that information out of later references to the same work, if it is clear that you are referring to the same work.
Article keywords: parenthetical, parenthetical reference, mla parenthetical reference, in-text, in-text reference, mla in-text reference, intext, intext reference, qtd. in, quoted in, quote, quotation, bible, chapter, verse (emphasis: bible, bible, bible, parenthetical, parenthetical, parenthetical, in-text, in-text, in-text)
Dictionary definitions and glossary entries should typically be cited as individual entries. An exception is that if you are using an online glossary where all of the words are listed on a single screen, you can choose to write a single citation that references the entire glossary; then just be sure to include parenthetical references where appropriate in the body of your paper where you refer to the definitions given.
Definition: Biography.com from A&E Television Networks ("AETN"), contains biographical information (text, audio and video), television shows (full episodes and "webisodes"), photographs, games and other interactive content. Typical of their biographical material is this "Frida Kahlo Deathiversary" Web page compilation http://www.biography.com/deathiversary/frida-kahlo/frida-kahlo.jsp
Case #1: A biographical article on a Web page
In APA, provide the name of the series after the name of the book and prior to the publication information. For example:
Author (Date). The circulatory system (Vol. 4). Encyclopedia of health. Publication location: Publisher.
It may be important to your reader that you are citing an authoritative source, and indicating that the author you are referencing has an impressive academic or political title is one way to do so. However, that information does not belong in your source list. Titles like PhD, Dr., or even President should not be included in your citation (don't confuse titles like these with "suffixes" like "Jr." and "II" that should be included).
Instead, provide that information in the body of your paper:
"Dr. Smith goes on to say that...."
Formal presentation
If your tour guide or docent gave a prepared presentation, you could select "Lecture, Speech, Address, or Reading" for MLA's "oral presentation" citations (5.7.11)
Informal conversation
If you gained information from a discussion with a guide or docent apart from the tour, you can select "Interview" and then "Conducted by me" (MLA 5.7.7).
Your own observations or ideas
If the information is something you observed or an idea that you developed while on the tour - bravo! This is your original thinking and does not need to be cited.
Parenthetical references vs. footnotes/endnotes?
MLA has recommended parenthetical documentation instead of footnotes since the 1988 version of the MLA Handbook. Parenthetical references in conjunction with a works cited list, are in common use at most schools and colleges, except for some Ivy League schools. See our MLA and APA parenthetical reference help to create in-text references within your essay.
While most instructors generally prefer parenthetical citations, if your instructor wants you to use endnotes or footnotes, refer to The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers 6th edition by Joseph Gibaldi, Appendix B.1, pp. 298-313 for additional detailed instructions.
Comparison of MLA and APA footnotes/endnotes
In both MLA and APA format, your notes appear as consecutively numbered superscript arabic numerals within the text. They refer either to footnotes at the bottom of the relevant page or to endnotes which are listed together on a separate page at the end of your paper. MLA calls the endnotes page "Notes" while APA calls this same page "Footnotes."
Example of a footnote within your essay:
"Media literacy and visual literacy are important components of an information literacy curriculum."2
Comparison of citation elements: notes vs. bibligraphy
In general terms, notes and bibliographic citations contain many of the same elements. While a footnote/endnote gives the specific page on which the quote or information appears, a bibliographic entry contains the inclusive page numbers of the work cited. The second footnote/endnote about the same source contains enough information to identify the work. In contrast, a bibliography contains the information for each source only once.
Suggested content of footnotes
APA format suggests using footnotes for two types of information: content comments and copyright permission.
A content comment footnote discusses a single idea that supplements or amplifies your point within the text.
Example of a content footnote:
2Until recently the teaching of cross-disciplinary meta-literacy skills has not been discussed in the literature of school librarianship.
A copyright permission footnote acknowledges the source of a quotation or the source of a reprinted table or figure.
Example of a copyright permission footnote for a reprinted chart from periodical:
2The chart is from "A Seven-Power Lens on 21st-Century Literacy" by D. Abilock, 2003, Multimedia Schools, 10, p. 30. Copyright 2003 by Debbie Abilock. Reprinted with permission.
The Tricky Part: Original or reprinted?
In order to cite a poem, you must decide if it was originally written for the book collection, or if it has been reprinted in an anthology from a previously published book.
How can I tell if it's original or reprinted?
Test #1: Look for a list of "Permissions," "Copyright Credits" or "Acknowledgements" at the front or back of the book, or even a copyright credit on the same page as the poem. Since an editor of an anthology must obtain permission from the copyright owner to reprint a poem, if you find a credit statement, you have a reprinted poem.
Test #2: The title of the anthology may indicate that the poem is new or reprinted.
Test #3: A preface or introduction explains how the poems were collected or created.
How do I cite an original poem?
Select the "Anthology / Book Collection" citation type, then choose:
Example #1: A citation for an original poem in a print anthology of multiple authors
Katz, Bobbi. "Lessons from a Painting by Rothco." Heart to Heart: New Poems Inspired by Twentieth-Century American Art. Ed. Jan Greenberg. New York: Abrams, 2001. 55. Print.
Example #2: A citation for an original poem in a print collection by a single author
Oliver, Mary. "Li Po and the Moon." Evidence: Poems. Boston: Beacon, 2009. 7. Print.
How do I cite a reprinted poem?
Select the "Anthology / Book Collection" citation type, then choose:
Example #3: A citation for an reprinted poem in a print anthology of multiple authors
Levertov, Denise. "Witness." Evening Train. By Denise Levertov. New York: New Directions, 1992. 97. Rpt. in A Book of Luminous Things; An International Anthology of Poetry. Ed. Czeslaw Milosez. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996. 72. Print.
Example #4: A citation for an reprinted poem in a print collection by a single author
Stevens, Wallace. "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird." Harmonium. New York: Knopf, 1931. N. pag. Rpt. in The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens. New York: Knopf, 1961. 92-95. Print.
Formal presentation
If your tour guide or docent gave a prepared presentation, you can select "Proceedings" as the citation type and then choose "Unpublished paper or poster session presented at a meeting
" from the following screen.
Informal conversation
If you gained information from a conversation, interview or discussion with a guide or docent apart from the tour, do not include this in your reference list because the citation does not provide recoverable data. Cite these sources as an APA parenthetical citation in-text only.
Your own observations or ideas
If the information is something you observed or an idea that you developed while on the tour - bravo! This is your original thinking and does not need to be cited.
MLA Unpublished interview
If you have conducted a personal interview your citation contains basic information like the person's name, medium (e.g., face-to-face, by e-mail or telephone) and date. Your own name doesn't appear, since it is assumed that you are the interviewer. Since your interview is "unpublished," it is a good idea to archive and print an e-mail interview or tape record an oral interview.
Note: if you subsequently publish your personal interview on a Web page, you may cite it by selecting "Interview" as the citation type and then answering "Web site" on the following screen.
MLA Published interview
If you are citing an interview from a newspaper, magazine, book, one you heard on (or the transcript of) a television or radio program, sound or video recording, or an interview of an actor or director that is part of the bonus material on a DVD of a movie, select "Interview" as the citation type and then select the publication type on the following screen. Should you initially choose the medium of publication instead of "Interview," you will be able to select "An interview" when asked "What specifically are you citing?"
Gaiman, Neil. "Interview with Neil Gaiman." Interview by Mark Blevis. Just One More Book!!. N.p., 27 Jan. 2009. Web. 30 Aug. 2009. <http://www.justonemorebook.com/2009/01/27/interview-with-neil-gaiman/>.
Gaiman, Neil. "It’s Good to Be Gaiman: A Revealing Interview with Newbery Winner Neil Gaiman." Interview by Roger Sutton. School Library Journal. Ed. Brian Kenney. Reed Business Information, 1 Mar. 2009. Web. 30 Aug. 2009. <http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6640441.html>.
Note that the name of the interviewer does appear in the citation for a published interview.
The Tricky Part: Original or reprinted?
In order to cite a poem, you must decide if it was originally written for the anthology or collection, or if it has been reprinted from a previously published book.
How can I tell if it's original or reprinted?
Test #1: Look for a list of "Permissions," "Copyright Credits" or "Acknowledgements" at the front or back of the book, or even a copyright credit on the same page as the poem. Since an editor of an anthology must obtain permission from the copyright owner to reprint a poem, if you find a credit statement, you have a reprinted poem.
Test #2: The title of the anthology indicates that the poem is new or reprinted.
Test #3: A preface or introduction explains how the poems were collected or created.
How do I cite an original poem?
In APA select "book" and answer "A chapter or part of the book (like an introduction or preface)" as the content of the book you are citing. List the name of the poem as the title of the section.
Citing an original poem in an anthology of multiple authors
Katz, B. (2001). Lessons from a painting by Rothco. In J. Greenberg (Ed.), Heart to heart: New poems inspired by twentieth-century american art (p. 55). New York: Harry N Abrams.
Citing an original poem in a collection by a single author
Oliver, M. (1992). When death comes. In New and selected poems (pp. 10-11). Boston: Beacon.
How do I cite a reprinted poem?
Select the "book" format but change the default value on the following screen ("Book") to "Reprint of a nonperiodical source."
Citing a reprinted poem in an anthology of multiple authors
Levertov, D. (1996). Witness. In C. Milosez (Ed.), A book of luminous things: An international anthology of poetry (p. 72). New York: Harcourt Brace. (Reprinted from Evening train, 1992, New York: New Directions)
Citing a collection of reprinted poems by a single author
Stevens, W. (1961). The collected poems of Wallace Stevens (pp. 92-95). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. (Reprinted from Harmonium, 1937, New York: Alfred A. Knopf)
The most common heading for an MLA-style source list is Works Cited. A Works Cited list contains only works that you will cite in your text. By default, Works Cited is the header when you create an MLA-style source list in NoodleBib.
Works Cited: A broad title for a list including all types of media and books that you used in your paper. When you create a Works Cited list, the reader expects to find brief references to all of the works in the list within the text of your paper (these references are called parenthetical citations).
Bibliography: Literally means description of books. Can be used if your source list contains only references to written literature. The more general "Works Cited" heading can also still be used in this case though.
Works Consulted: Indicates that your source list is not limited to works cited in the paper, but also contains any sources that you found helpful while doing your research.
Annotated Bibliography, Annotated List of Works Cited, Annotated List of Works Consulted: Add the word "Annotated" to the heading to indicate that you have added comments (in the Annotation field) to some or all sources in your list.
Selected Bibliography, Selected List of Works Consulted: Add the word "Selected" to the heading to suggest that your reader use the list of sources to learn more about the topic.
If you are a student:
MLA and APA are the two formats most commonly required in K-12 and college, although there many others such as Chicago Manual of Style and Turabian. Your teacher will tell you what format to use. If they haven't asked for a specific style, be sure to ask them before you start. Currently, you cannot convert between styles once you've created your bibliography in NoodleBib (i.e. you cannot convert an MLA list to APA, or vice versa).
If you are a teacher:
Students in Humanities courses are usually asked to follow the style MLA guidelines. Students in science and research fields are usually asked to follow the APA guidelines. In terms of numbers, a vast majority of middle and high school students are taught MLA style, whereas in college, there is a mix, depending on the research field of the student.
In college, the primary reason for using a standardised reference format like MLA or APA is so that a professional peer (in the same discipline as the writer) can understand the syntax and relocate the writer's sources. In high school, unless the bibliography is created for a larger audience, often the only readers may be the teacher and librarian. Teachers of K-12 students typically prefer the MLA format because the MLA Handbook provides much more detail about citing books, anthologies, audiovisual material, and other sources like interviews, advertisements, and cartoons that a high school student would be more likely to use in a research paper. In contrast, the emphasis in the APA Publication Manual is on sources that students would typically only encounter in advanced research, such as technical reports, proceedings of meetings, and dissertations.
Since teaching either MLA or APA style at the high school level will prepare students for college documentation, the emphasis should be on why it is important to cite sources. The process of citing is similar whatever format you use - you compile a bibliography, you refer to entries in the bibliography using parenthetical references, and so forth. It is like learning a computer programming language -- once you've learned one, others follow naturally because the basic concepts (e.g., object-oriented programming) are the same, it is just the syntax and order that changes. In the case of bibliographies, most teachers do not expect their student to memorize the formatting rules; they want them to learn the reason for citing and the process of documentation. NoodleTools helps them understanding WHAT information is important to cite (which is often the same in MLA and APA) and how to determine if they are citing correctly.
What is an online newspaper?
Many printed newspapers make their content available online, where subscribers can read the current day's news as well as archived issues. The New York Times, for example, also publishes their newspaper online at http://www.nytimes.com/ under the name "The New York Times on the Web." Articles can be purchased individually from archived issues back to January 1st, 1996. This is an example of an online newspaper.
What is a newswire?
Associated Press (AP), United Press International (UPI) and Reuters are examples of newswire services. The New York Times on the Web supplements its own content with up-to-the-minute news that comes from Associated Press, which you can view at http://www.nytimes.com/pages/aponline/news/ . Articles from this section of the Web site do not appear as part of the main "New York Times" online newspaper. There are also online services like Google News http://news.google.com/ or Yahoo News http://news.yahoo.com/ that aggregate stories from several newswire services including AP and Reuters (but have no relation to any printed newspaper). New York Times' "News From A.P" is an example of a newswire and Yahoo News is an example of a newswire aggregator (treated as a newswire for the purposes of citation). Note: AP Online was the old heading of the AP newswire section of the New York Times on the Web and should no longer be used (the example in the MLA Handbook is outdated).
How do I cite a newswire?
Select the "Newspaper or Newswire" citation type with "online" as the publication medium. If the newswire is a feed coming from a single newswire service (e.g., the New York Times AP feed in the example above), then give the name of the newswire service as the "title of the newswire." The MLA Handbook gives this as "AP Online" in this case.
If the newswire is an aggregated feed like Yahoo News or Google News, give the name of the Web site (e.g., "Yahoo News" or "Google News") as the title of the newswire.
How do I cite content in a printed or online newspaper, republished from a newswire service?
Finally, articles written by newswire services like AP are frequently used within printed and online newspapers. In your citation, the name of the newswire service should NOT be given as the author, even if no individual author is named. However, the MLA Handbook does not provide any guidance about how or if the newswire service should be credited in this case. The title of the newspaper must be given as the title of the printed newspaper or Web site (for example New York Times or New York Times on the Web). If you would like to indicate the newswire service as well, you may add it directly after the title of the article, as in:
"Obese Moms' Tots at Higher Risk." Associated Press. San Francisco Chronicle 6 July 2002: A2.
NoodleBib orders the citations in your list for you automatically, but if you have a question about why your list is ordered in a certain way, understanding the rules that NoodleBib uses will help.
List entries are sorted in alphabetical order. If a name (author, editor, etc.) appears as the first component of the citation, then the entry is alphabetized by the person's first name. Alphabetization is performed letter-by-letter, ignoring spaces, punctuation, and capitalization. This means that an entry with an author with the last name "Du Bos" appears after an entry with an author with last name "Dublin" (since "dubos" would appear after "dublin" alphabetically).
The letters of an author's first and middle name are only considered if two entries begin with contributors with the same last name. If the first, middle and last names all match, then the alphabetization is based on the last name of the second contributor listed (or even third if the first two names match completely). Thus:
Smith, George, Michael Aaron, and Debbie Adams
Smith, George, and Debbie Adams (Note: "Adams" comes after "Aaron")
Smith, George, and Robert Adams (Note: "Robert" comes after "Debbie")
Note that the type of contributor does not factor in to the alphabetization process. For the purposes of alphabetizing entries, ignore the ed., trans., comp., or other word that appears after the name of the contributor.
If no contributor (author, editor, etc.) is given at the beginning of a citation or the name(s) of the contributors in two citations are identical, then the title that appears next (could be an article title, the name of a book, etc.) in the citation is used for alphabetization. If the first word of the title is A, An, or The then the entry is alphabetized using the second word of the title. Alphabetization by the title is again performed letter-by-letter, ignoring spaces and punctuation. Thus:
Smith, George, and Bell, James. Egyptian History. New York: Random, 1989. Print.
A Smith's Journey: How I Became a Goldsmith. New York: Random, 1988. Print.
S[mith], T[ruman]. "Goldsmiths." Business Week 5 May 2003: 99. Print.
"So You Like Gold?" New York Times 3 Apr. 1981, late ed.: C4. Print.
If the title begins with a year or number, the entry should be alphabetized as if the year or number was spelled out (NoodleBib does this for you automatically as well). Since NoodleBib cannot determine whether or not a particular number is a year or a number, we assume that the numbers between 1100 and 1999 (which are the numbers that are written differently based on whether they represent years or numbers) are years. So 1832 will be alphabetized as "Eighteen thirty-two" rather than "One thousand eight hundred thirty two." If your title contains a number in that range that is not a year, check your final list to be sure that the entry is alphabetized correctly.
In a descriptive annotation, provide a short summary of the content or plot, and state the thesis or theme of the work. This enables your reader to make an informed choice about which of your sources would be of interest to them. Descriptive annotations demonstrate that your have read and understood your sources and used them wisely. Address such questions as:
In a critical annotation, evaluate the source and explain its value to your research. This enables your readers to select the most valuable sources. Critical annotations demonstrate that you have judged the accuracy, currency and credibility of your sources and identified relevant information within them. Address these revised questions which require judgment and evaluation:
All forms in NoodleBib end with an Annotation field, so that you can create descriptive or evaluative comments for each citation.
MLA recommends the use of italics in your source list, as long as the difference between italics and the regular typeface is clear (MLA Handbook 3.3).
However, if your teacher instructs you to change the default from italics to underlining instead:
Keep in mind that this affects only the list that is open. Other lists in your personal folder will not change.
Definition: Contemporary Literary Criticism Select contains "a biographical essay that discusses the author's life, works, and critical importance; critical essays or excerpts taken from books, magazines, literary reviews, newspapers, and scholarly journals; and, where available, interviews with featured authors."
Procedure: To cite one of these sources, choose the citation type (e.g., magazine, journal, newspaper, anthology essay) of the original publication.
Note: You will need to distinguish between an original source that was written for the print anthology (Case #1) and one that appeared in another source first (e.g., in a newspaper, magazine, journal) and then was reprinted in the print anthology (Case #2). In both cases, the source is now republished online in the CLC database.
Your citation (with the optional URL) will look like this:
"Khaled Hosseini (1965-)." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 254. Detroit: Gale, 2008. 40-41. Contemporary Literary Criticism Select. Web. 12 Sept. 2009. <http://galenet.galegroup.com.ezproxy.sfpl.org/servlet/LitCrit/sfpl_main/FJ2850350003>.
Case 2: Reprinted from another source
For a newspaper article from the Globe and Mail, a Canadian English language newspaper, reprinted in the anthology Contemporary Literary Criticism republished online in Contemporary Literary Criticism:
Your citation (with the optional URL) will look like this:
Conlogue, Ray. "Ray Conologue (Essay Date 12 June 2003)." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 254. Detroit: Gale, 2008. 41-42. Rpt. of "Afghanistan's Next Chapter." Globe and Mail [Toronto] 12 June 2003: R1. Contemporary Literary Criticism Select. Web. 12 Sept. 2009. <http://galenet.galegroup.com.ezproxy.sfpl.org/servlet/LitCrit/sfpl_main/FJ2850360003>.
APA Unpublished Interview
For APA, do not cite personal communications (e.g., face-to-face interviews, telephone or e-mail interviews) in the reference list, since they are not archived, recoverable sources. Instead, use an in-text citation (with initials and surname of person being interviewed) as in these examples:
"...at her wedding R. Abilock (personal communication, April 4, 2004) discussed..."
"...he called the current economic climate uncertain (R. Abilock, personal communication, July 6, 2004)."
APA Published Interview
The APA Publication Manual does not give specific advice about citing published interviews. A good way to do so is to add the information about the interviewer in square brackets after the publication date in the citation (or, if citing a titled article in a periodical, following the article title). For example, consider this interview published on the NPR Web site:
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4120281
We've added "[Interview with Tavis Smiley, host of The Tavis Smiley Show]" (you'll need to do this outside of NoodleBib). The finished citation would look like this:
Edleman, M. W. (2004, October 21). [Interview with Tavis Smiley, host of The Tavis Smiley Show]. Marian Wright Edelman: Bush leaving kids behind. Retrieved October 24, 2004, from NPR Web site: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4120281
When two (or more) consecutive entries in a MLA-style source list begin with the same name(s) in the same order (can be authors, editors, etc.), then the names are treated normally in the first entry, but are replaced with three dashes (MLA calls them "hyphens") in subsequent entries. (MLA 5.3.5).
Therefore, if you had Book X, Journal Article Y, and Newspaper Article Z all authored by "John Smith" then they would be written (partial citation displayed to illustrate the point):
Smith, John. Book X. etc...
- - -. "Journal Article Y." Journal Y etc...
- - -. "Newspaper Article Z." Newspaper Z etc...
In a government publication, two sets of dashes or hyphens may replace the same government name (United States) and the legislature (Cong.) or an agency. (MLA 5.5.20)
United States. Cong. House.
- - -. - - -. Senate.
What is an ERIC Digest?
ERIC Digests (full-text) are available for free through http://www.eric.edu.gov/ (click "Advanced Search" and then check "ERIC Digests" as the "Publication Type"). ERIC Digests are short overviews, with references to additional information, on topics of interest to educators and librarians. The have a unique ERIC identification number starting with "ED".
Instructions for citing online ERIC Digests
To cite an online ERIC Digest, click the "Details" button on your ERIC search result to see the full record (or view the PDF version of the document). Select "Technical/Research Report" as the citation type in NoodleBib, "Online" as the publication medium, and "Aggregated Database" as the online retrieval mechanism. The "Document Deposit Service Description" field defaults to "ERIC Document Reproduction Service" so you just need to add the ED Identification Number (e.g., "ED370881") next to that.
The persistent URL for an ERIC document is formed in this way:
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EDxxxxxx
...where EDxxxxxx represents the accession number of the PDF document (e.g., ED456789).
Example citation
Stahl, R. J. (1994, March). The essential elements of cooperative learning in the classroom. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED370881) Retrieved July 30, 2005, from ERIC database: http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED370881
If you are citing the original painting, sculpture, or photograph, use the "Painting, Sculpture or Photograph" citation form. You will be asked for information on where that artwork is housed (e.g. a museum or the name or owner of a private collection).
If you are citing an image within an online image database (e.g., Corbis, American Memory), where the image is not retrieved as part of a publication (like an online newspaper or magazine), use the "Painting, Sculpture or Photograph" citation form, select "online" as the publication medium, and then indicate whether the photograph is a work of art (the original appears in a museum or collection) or if it is a documentary photograph (usually attributed to a separate copyright holder). An image may appear within a Web site like Corbis or Getty Images (give "Corbis" or "Getty Images" as the name of the Web site and provide a link to the photograph preview when possible). To cite an image from the AccuNet/AP Multimedia Archive database, please click here for instructions specific to that database (if you want to create a citation that matches the example citation given by that database).
When an image is incorporated into a periodical article, Web page, book, or other publication, you should generally cite the publication as a whole in your Works Cited list and then refer to the specific image in-text (whether or not you actually read or used the rest of the article, Web content, chapter, etc.). However, NoodleBib does provide ways to cite just the image if desired, as described here:
If you are citing a photograph that you took yourself follow the format below(note that this is not currently an available citation type in NoodleBib):
[Subject of photo]. Personal photograph by author. [Date photo was taken].
For example:
Pescadero Beach at sunset. Personal photograph by author. 18 Aug. 2003.
Freely-available graphics and clip art do not need to be cited or referenced.
Books:
An online catalog provides the basic title/author/publication information that is required for any citation. If you took notes in your school library and need the publication information for your source, the first place to look is your library's Web-based catalog.
If your library doesn't have an online catalog, you can search by title or author in another online catalog, such as:
*TIP: If you want to get the book at a local library, add your zip code (postal code for Canada) in the box below your results to see if one of the 23,000 OCLC member libraries is in your neighborhood.
Alternatively, go to an online bookstore like Amazon.com and search for the book's title or author's name. When Amazon provides a "See Inside The Book" feature you can view the title page or search for a quote within the text.
Periodicals:
If you know the name of the periodical and the article title or author's name, go to the periodical's Web site and search in the archives to get basic information like volume number and date of publication.
LookSmart's FindArticles at http://articles.findarticles.com republishes articles from hundreds of journals, magazines, and news sources, so you may be able to find the article you used through this service. The only caveat is that it takes about 2 months for articles to appear online, so if yours was more recent, you may not find it here.
Currently none of the major databases reflect the MLA 7th edition (8/2/09). Generally we find that information given within databases is misleading and their examples are routinely wrong. Some databases generate a citation at the bottom of each entry, and those are also not listed here, but here are some examples:
CQ Press: http://library.cqpress.com/static.php?page=howtocite
EBSCO: Click "Help" when you are logged in, then select "Citation Styles" from the help table of contents on the left.
Thomson Gale (MLA only): http://support.gale.com/gale/article.html?article=1467
ProQuest (Updated Feb 2006; MLA, APA, and Turabian): http://www.proquestk12.com/pic/pdfs/ProQuest_Citation_Guide.pdf (Note: Still uses old service name "ProQuest Information and Learning" -- should now be "ProQuest").
For numbers under 100, write out the full numbers, as in 1-12 or 20-34. For numbers greater than 100, give only the last two digits of the second number, unless more are necessary, as in 320-33, 1010-12, or 2895-910.
If you are citing a periodical article, and the article spans nonconsecutive pages, give the page number on which the article starts, followed by a plus sign, as in 6+ or 3C+.
In the 6th edition of the MLA Handbook, there was a a special rule for material from an online database, where the database provided only the starting page number (and possibly the total number of pages) -- the guidance was to provide the starting page number followed by a dash and a space. In the 7th edition, this special rule was eliminated. If only the starting page number is given by the database, simply give the page number followed by a "+" as you would do with a printed work (e.g., 6+).
What is a Viewpoints Essay?
Gale's Opposing Viewpoints is a series of print anthologies. The articles in these print anthologies have also been reproduced in Gale's Opposing Viewpoints Research Center database. A typical article is called a "Viewpoint Essay" and consists of:
Background: Changes in Gale's citation advice
Gale provides an example "Source Citation" at the bottom of each Viewpoint Essay. Interestingly, their citation examples have changed over the past few years. For example, they used to identify "Opposing Viewpoints Series" as the series name, whereas now they include this title as part of title of the anthology (as in Opposing Viewpoints: Endangered Oceans). In addition, Gale used to include details about the original (excerpted) print source in the citation. For example, compare the old and current source citations for this Viewpoint Essay:
Gale's previous citation:
Source Citation: "Antisubmarine Sonar Threatens Marine Mammals" by Nathan LaBudde. Endangered Oceans. Louise I. Gerdes, Ed. Opposing Viewpoints® Series. Greenhaven Press, 2003. Nathan LaBudde, "U.S. Navy Plans Ocean Assault," Earth Island Journal, vol. 41, Summer 1999, p. 18. Copyright © 1999 by Earth Island Journal. Reproduced by permission. Reproduced in Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group. 2004 <http://www.galenet.com/servlet/OVRC>
Gale's current citation:
Source Citation: LaBudde, Nathan. "Antisubmarine Sonar Threatens Marine Mammals." Opposing Viewpoints: Endangered Oceans. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Example High School. 12 Mar. 2009 <http://find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do?
How should you cite a Viewpoint Essay?
In the examples above, Gale indicates that the article "Antisubmarine Sonar Threatens Marine Mammals" was taken from "U.S. Navy Plans Ocean Assault," an article in Earth Island Journal which was published in 1999. It is certainly possible in NoodleBib to cite this as a journal article reprinted in an anthology that is reproduced in the Opposing Viewpoints database. However, we concur with Gale's current citation advice which does not treat this as a reprinted article since this Viewpoint Essay has been reformatted and edited, and contains a significant amount of new material including the editor's introduction, reader questions, and reading list.
Therefore, cite a Viewpoint Essay as a short work in an anthology, available online in Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center, without reference to the original magazine or journal source from which material is excerpt.
The citation for the source above, created in NoodleBib looks like this:
LaBudde, Nathan. "Antisubmarine Sonar Threatens Marine Mammals." Opposing Viewpoints: Endangered Oceans. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2004. N. pag. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 29 Aug. 2009. <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=OVRC>.
A note on the URL
While Gale's InfoMark URL will return you to the article as long as you are logged into the database, it is long, Therefore, we have included only the home page in the optional URL field. You can include the InfoMark in the URL field of your notes or the Gale Document Number: EJ3010130253 in the Annotation field of your works cited list so that you can return quickly to this source.
A note on evaluating and citing an excerpt
Generally MLA suggests that you read original rather than edited or quoted sources when possible. Since Earth Island Journal is a well known environmental periodical (see http://www.earthisland.org/journal/) you could try to locate the original source of the material in order to comment in your essay or annotation. In this case, you cannot read the original article because this journal's open archive does not go back to 1999. Other excerpted sources in Opposing Viewpoints, such as government publications or reports are often available in full on the agency's official Web site. When feasible, we suggest that you locate and read the original source, since this shows the excerpt within the context of the entire document. At the same time, you may have learned additional information from the "enhanced" excerpt in Opposing Viewpoints. Therefore cite both the enhanced excerpt and the original document in your source list.
Definition: An online reference work (e.g., dictionary, encyclopedia, atlas or statistical source) contains basic factual information about a subject (MLA 1.4.4) in a digital format.
Procedure: To cite an online reference book or reference database, use the "Reference Source" citation type, and select:
Option #1: Choose "No" when you do not have information about the original source, such as if:
Examples of "No"
"Global Warming." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2009. Web. 22 Aug. 2009. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/235402/global-warming>.
Note:
"Homer." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2009. Web. 22 Aug. 2009.
Option #2: Choose "Yes" if original publication information for the source is given, such as in:
Examples of "Yes"
Wu, Silas. "China." Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices. Ed. Thomas Riggs. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 219-35. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Aug. 2009.
Notes:
"Cornea." American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. 2004. Dictionary.com. Web. 22 Aug. 2009. <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cornea>.
Notes:
A journal contains scholarly articles with abstracts and references (e.g., footnotes, parenthetical references, citations). Submissions are peer reviewed which means that the scholar's work is evaluated for publication by experts or researchers in the field (academic peers) to decide if the work meets professional standards. The author's tone is serious and s/he uses words and ideas that are understood by experts but might be harder for a general reader to understand. In print journals the layout may include graphs and charts, but few photos, pictures and ads. For example, see Cell Research http://www.cell-research.com/ In the growing number of peer reviewed electronic journals, color and design elements are more prominent. For example, see BMC Biology http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbiol/ Often published by an academic or professional organization, a journal is designed to advance knowledge or publish research findings in a scholarly discipline.
A magazine appeals to a general audience, although their depth ranges from substantive to simple. In all good writing, concepts are explained, but the author does not provide the rigorous proof or methodology evident in scholarly work. In magazines designed for a more educated audience, a short list of books for further reading may follow an article, but footnotes are rare. Eye-catching pictures, colorful design elements and fonts, and many ads are evident. For example, see Psychology Today http://www.psychologytoday.com/current.asp or Odyssey Magazine. The goal of a magazine is to attract, inform and entertain general readers.
After you select a citation type (book, magazine, etc.), be sure to indicate that you wish to cite a chapter/section or individual article where prompted on the following screens, rather than the entire work.
If you answer that you are citing the entire work, then the final form will not prompt you to enter page numbers (or the name and author of the specific section, etc.).
If you are citing a particular section or chapter of a book-length text, you should provide page numbers of the entire section in your Works Cited or References list. If you are citing an article in a periodical, you should similarly provide page numbers of the entire article in your list. Then indicate the specific page numbers of the cited content in-text if necessary.
The following list of standard abbreviations were taken from the MLA Handbook, 7th ed. They should be used as appropriate in your works cited list.
| Abbreviation | Replaces |
| abbr. | abbreviation, abbreviated |
| abr. | abridgement, abridged, abridged by |
| acad. | academy |
| adapt. | adapter, adaptation, adapted by |
| adj. | adjective |
| adv. | adverb |
| Amer. | America, American |
| anon. | anonymous |
| app. | appendix |
| arch. | archaic |
| art. | article |
| assn. | association |
| assoc. | associate, associated |
| attrib. | attributed to |
| aux. | auxilary verb |
| b. | born |
| BA | bachelor of arts |
| bib. | biblical |
| bibliog. | bibliographer, bibliography, bibliographic |
| biog. | biographer, biography, biographical |
| bk. | book |
| BL | British Library, London |
| BM | British Museum, London (now British Library) |
| BS | bachelor of science |
| bull. | bulletin |
| c. | circa |
| cap. | capital, capitalize |
| CD | compact disc |
| CD-ROM | compact disc read-only memory |
| cf. | compare |
| ch. | chapter |
| chor. | choreographer, choreographed by |
| col. | column |
| coll. | college |
| colloq. | colloquial |
| com | commercial (in an Internet URL) |
| comp. | compiler, compiled by |
| compar. | comparative |
| cond. | conductor, conducted by |
| conf. | conference |
| Cong. | Congress |
| Cong. Rec. | Congressional Record |
| conj. | conjunction |
| Const. | Constitution |
| cont. | contents, continued |
| copr., © | copyright |
| d. | died |
| DA | doctor of arts |
| DA, DAI | Dissertation Abstracts, Dissertation Abstracts International |
| DAB | Dictionary of American Biography |
| def. | definition, definite |
| dept. | department |
| dev. | development, developed by |
| dict. | dictionary |
| dir. | director, directed by |
| diss. | dissertation |
| dist. | district |
| distr. | distributor, distributed by |
| div. | division |
| DNB | Dictionary of National Biography |
| doc. | document |
| DVD | originally "digital videodisc" (now used to also describe other types of discs) |
| DVD-ROM | digital videodisc read-only memory |
| ed. | editor, edition, edited by |
| EdD | doctor of education |
| edu | educational (in an Internet URL) |
| educ. | education, educational |
| e.g. | for example |
| electronic mail | |
| encyc. | encyclopedia |
| enl. | enlarged (as in "rev. and enl. ed.") |
| esp. | especially |
| et al. | and others |
| etc. | and so forth |
| ex. | example |
| fac. | faculty |
| facsim. | facsimile |
| fig. | figure |
| fl. | flourished |
| fr. | from |
| front. | frontispiece |
| FTP | File Transfer Protocol |
| fut. | future |
| fwd. | foreword, foreword by, forwarded |
| gen. | general (as in "gen. ed.") |
| gov | government (in an Internet URL) |
| govt. | government |
| GPO | Government Printing Office, Washington, DC |
| H. Doc. | House of Representatives Document |
| hist. | historian, history, historical |
| HMSO | Her (His) Majesty's Stationary Office, London |
| HR | House of Representatives |
| H. Rept. | House of Representatives Report |
| H. Res. | House of Representatives Resolution |
| HTML | hypertext markup language |
| http | hypertaxt transfer protocol |
| i.e. | that is |
| illus. | illustrator, illustration, illustrated by |
| inc. | including, incorporated |
| infin. | infinitive |
| inst. | institute, institution |
| intl. | international |
| introd. | introduction, introduced by |
| ips | inches per second (in reference to tape recordings) |
| irreg. | irregular |
| ISP | Internet service provider |
| JD | doctor of law |
| jour. | journal |
| Jr. | Junior |
| KB | kilobyte |
| lang. | language |
| LC | Library of Congress |
| leg. | legal |
| legis. | legislator, legislation, legislature, legislative |
| lib. | library |
| lit. | literally, literature, literary |
| LLB | bachelor of laws |
| LLD | doctor of laws |
| LLM | master of laws |
| LP | long-playing phonograph record |
| ltd. | limited |
| MA | master of arts |
| mag. | magazine |
| MB | megabyte |
| MD | doctor of medicine |
| misc. | miscellaneous |
| mod. | modern |
| MS | master of science |
| MS, MSS | manuscript, manuscripts |
| n, nn | note, notes (used after page as in "56n" or "56n3" or "56nn3-5") |
| n. | noun |
| narr. | narrator, narrated by |
| natl. | national |
| NB | take notice |
| n.d. | no date of publication |
| NED | A New English Dictionary (cf. OED) |
| no. | number |
| nonstand. | nonstandard |
| n.p. | no place of publication, no publisher |
| n. pag. | no pagination |
| ns | new series |
| NS | New Style (calendar designation) |
| numb. | numbered |
| obj. | object, objective |
| obs. | obsolete |
| OCLC | Online Computer Library Center |
| OED | The Oxford English Dictionary |
| op. | opus (work) |
| orch. | orchestra, orchestrated by |
| org | organization (in an Internet URL) |
| orig. | original, originally |
| os | old series, original series |
| OS | Old Style (calendar designation) |
| P | Press (used in documentation; cf. UP) |
| p., pp. | page, pages |
| par. | paragraph |
| part. | participle |
| portable document format | |
| perf. | performer, performed by |
| PhD | doctor of philosophy |
| philol. | philology, philological |
| philos. | philosophy, philosophical |
| pl. | plate, plural |
| poss. | possessive |
| pref. | preface, preface by |
| prep. | preposition |
| pres. | present |
| proc. | proceedings |
| prod. | producer, produced by |
| pron. | pronoun |
| pronunc. | pronunciation |
| PS | postscript |
| pseud. | pseudonym |
| pt. | part |
| pub. | publisher, publication, published by |
| Pub. L. | Public Law |
| qtd. | quoted |
| r. | reigned |
| rec. | record, recorded |
| Ref. | Reference (the reference section of a library) |
| reg. | registered, regular |
| rel. | relative, release |
| rept. | report, reported by |
| res. | resolution |
| resp. | respectively |
| rev. | review, reviewed by, revision, revised, revised by |
| RLIN | Research Libraries Information Network |
| rpm | revolutions per minute |
| rpt. | reprint, reprinted, reprinted by |
| S | Senate |
| sc. | scene |
| S. Doc. | Senate Document |
| sec. | section |
| ser. | series |
| sess. | session |
| sic | thus in the source |
| sing. | singular |
| soc. | society |
| spec. | special |
| Sr. | Senior |
| S. Rept. | Senate Report |
| S. Res. | Senate Resolution |
| st. | stanza |
| St., Sts. | Saint, Saints |
| Stat. | Statutes at Large |
| subj. | subject, subjective, subjunctive |
| substand. | substandard |
| supp. | supplement |
| syn. | synonym |
| trans. | transitive, translator, translation, translated by |
| TS, TSS | typescript, typescripts |
| U | University (used in documentation) |
| univ. | university (used outside documentation) |
| UP | University Press |
| URL | uniform resource locator |
| USC | United States Code |
| usu. | usually |
| var. | variant |
| vb. | verb |
| vers. | version |
| VHS | video home system |
| vol. | volume |
| vs. | versus |
| writ. | writer, written by |
| www | World Wide Web |
The following table lists several of the forms of online communication available today along with characteristics that help distinguish them.
| Type | Synchronous? | Moderated? | Archived? | Software | Content | Contributors | Delivery |
| IM | Yes | No | No | IM | Unlimited | One-to-one | Real-time on software |
| Chat | Yes | Yes | Usually | Chat | Unlimited | Many | Real-time or archived |
| No | No | No | Unlimited | One-to-one | Pushed to e-mail software | ||
| Electronic Mailing List | No | Yes | Usually | Topical | One-to-many | Pushed to e-mail software | |
| Blog | No | Yes | Yes | Topic or function-focused | One-to-many | Reader goes to site or uses RSS feed | |
| Wiki | No | Yes | Yes | Topical | Contributions by many | Reader goes to site | |
| Web Forum | No | Yes | Yes | Topical | Contributions by many | Reader goes to site or is alerted to new content via e-mail | |
| Newsgroup | No | Yes | Yes | Narrow topic | Contributions by many | Reader goes to site | |
| News Aggregator | No | No | Yes | User-selected | Syndicated content | Content delivered to software |
Definition: The World Book Online Reference Center is composed of World Book Advanced, World Book Students, World Book Kids, etc. which can be subscribed to in packages or individually. Content includes encyclopedia articles and links out to related EBSCO magazine articles. In World Book Student, for example, an encyclopedia entry for "Meyer, Stephenie" includes links to articles from Newsweek and Christian Century magazine.
Do not use World Book's citation advice for the encyclopedia article at the bottom of each article. For example in the citation for Stephenie Meyer, the reference database is not in italics. Nor do we do recommend that you use their "Citation Builder" which offers no help on the fields and produces citations for MLA, APA and Harvard with extra commas, missing quotation marks, capitalization problems (stephenie vs. Stephenie), etc. Finally, ignore the general advice for types of citations on their "Help" page which contains too many errors to enumerate and does not conform to the current MLA 7th edition.
In NoodleTools, to cite one of the encyclopedia articles in World Book:
A typical citation will look like this:
Cech, John. "Meyer, Stephenie." World Book Student. World Book, 2009. Web. 13 Sept. 2009. <http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar753590>.
NOTES:
http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar753590
Locate the ID of your article in the URL after "id=" (See green - http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar753590&st=stephenie+meye)
Definition: The AP Images database includes current and historical photographs from The Associated Press. When you click on a photograph, an enlarged image opens in a separate Web page. This web page includes the name of the photographer, when and where the photograph was taken, an image ID number, size and resolution, a substantial caption describing the context and content and a list of people in the photograph.
Procedure: Cite an AP Image as a photograph in a database
Choose "Painting, Sculpture or Photograph," then select:
A photograph taken by Mannie Garcia that Shepard Fairey used to create posters of Barack Obama which The Associate Press alleges infringes on their copyright is cited like this:
Garcia, Mannie. Obama Africa. 27 Apr. 2006. AP Images. AP, 17 Aug. 2006. Web. 15 Sept. 2009.
NOTES:
When you use the "Open as Word Doc" feature to save your list as a file that can be opened in a word processor, NoodleBib automatically formats your list according to the recommendations in the MLA Handbook (section 5.3 - 5.4). This includes:
This formatting is illustrated below, using a source list created in NoodleBib and then opened in Microsoft Word:
Videotape vs. Motion Picture
The APA Publication Manual does mention in section 4.12 that the term "Videotape" can be used to more specifically indicate the film's medium. But the citations shown in example 65 all use the term "Motion picture" (even one that is made available only on tape from APA -- "Responding therapeutically to patient expressions..."). The term "Motion picture" is a generic term, covering all mediums. So either is correct -- in NoodleBib, we always use the term "Motion picture."
To cite a transcript of a speech, determine if you have the complete text or an edited or enriched excerpt of the speech. An authoritative version of a speech can be mounted on the original speaker's site or an official site. For example, the White House Web site mounts transcripts and complete audio recordings of the current President's speeches.
Case #1: Cite a complete online transcript of a speech using the "Lecture, Speech, Address or Reading" citation form.
A transcript of President Obama's weekly address calling for Judge Sotomayor's confirmation <http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/WEEKLY-ADDRESS-President-Obama-Calls-for-Thorough-and-Timely-Confirmation-for-Judge-Sonia-Sotomayor/> is cited like this (with the optional URL):
"President Obama Calls for Thorough and Timely Confirmation for Judge Sonia Sotomayor." Weekly Address. The White House, Washington D.C. 30 May 2009. Whitehouse.gov. Web. 13 Sept. 2009. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/>.
NOTES:
Case #2: Cite an abridged or edited online transcript of a speech using the "Web site" citation type.
While one might find a complete transcript of a former President's speech at an official Presidential Library, a transcript from the Annals of American History is likely to have been edited and enriched by an editor, such as this excerpt from George W. Bush's "Declaration of War on Terrorism" <http://america.eb.com/america/print?articleId=387729> which includes an "Introduction." The citation for an edited version of a speech online (with the optional URL) looks like this:
Bush, George W. "Declaration of War on Terrorism." Annals of American History. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2001. Web. 13 Sept. 2009. http://america.eb.com/america/print?articleId=387729
Normally, include the illustrator's name after the title of the book:
Thomson, Pay. The Squeaky, Creaky Bed. Illus. Niki Daly. New York: Doubleday, 2003. Print.
There may be certain situations (rare) where you wish to stress the contribution of the illustrator(s) RATHER than the author. In this case, you can list the illustrator(s) first (and the author's name moves behind the title instead):
Daly, Niki, illus. The Squeaky, Creaky Bed. By Pat Thomson. New York: Doubleday, 2003. Print.
A common question is where to put the name of the editor (or compiler, translator, etc.) when there is no author (or an author is not named). Whether or not the editor comes at the beginning of the citation or after the title depends on a few different criteria. There are 4 cases:
Case #1: An entire anthology/collection (5.6.2) or reference work (parts of 5.6.15)
In this case, the editor would appear at the beginning of the citation. The reason is because when you cite an anthology or collection or an entire reference work, the editor is the "creator" of the work -- the editor's name should appear at the beginning of the citation in order to stress his contribution. In NoodleBib, you would select "Anthology/Book Collection" (or "Reference Source") as the citation type and then select "The entire anthology" (or "The entire reference source") when prompted.
Case #2: A short work in an anthology/collection (5.6.7) or an article in a reference work (5.6.8)
In this case, the editor is no longer the "creator" of the material being cited. We may or may not know who wrote the short work or article, but in either case, the name of the editor should go after the title of the book. If the author is not known, the citation will begin with the title of the book. In NoodleBib, you would select the same citation type. For an anthology/collection, you would then select "Material in a book" (or "Reprinted material in a book") on the next screen. For a reference source, you would select "An article or entry."
Case #3: An edition (5.6.12)
When we talk about an "edition," we don't mean a book that is out in a 2nd or 3rd edition. Rather, we are referring to a literary or classical work which has been prepared from various versions (e.g., a play by Shakespeare in which the editor chose certain lines from one folio, updated punctuation and spelling, and written an introduction and explanatory notes). In this case, the editor comes after the title. In NoodleBib, you would be using the "Book" citation type.
Case #4: The exception -- stressing the contribution of a particular person
There is an exception to the rules above, which is that if you wish to stress an individual's contribution to the work, you may want to list that person first. This could be an editor, a translator, an illustrator, or any other contributor. To see examples, take a look at section 5.6.3 and page 165 in section 5.6.12. In 5.6.3, they have placed Marie Borroff's name at the beginning of the citations because the subject of the report that these citations are for clearly have something to do with her (the works themselves are unrelated, so although they do not state it, the obvious conclusion is that the paper is about Borroff). On page 165, read the paragraph starting with "If your citations are generally the work of the editor...." As in 5.6.3, When you wish to stress the contribution of the editor, you place his name first, whether or not there is an author.
The current version of NoodleBib does not allow you choose an individual (editor, translator, or other) and mark him as "the one I want to stress in this citation." We have chosen not to include this option because we feel that students would probably be confused by the additional choice.
CliffsNotes and SparkNotes both offer free study guides online for well-known literature. Both are cited in a similar manner. We'll look at the SparkNote and CliffNotes for The Awakening, by Kate Chopin:
SparkNotes: http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/
CliffsNotes: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/id-25.html
Finding the author
When citing a SparkNote, click on the "How do I cite this SparkNote?" link beneath the table of contents. This page will indicate the authors of the SparkNote (which they don't appear to report within the SparkNote itself). Likewise, if you are using CliffsNotes, click the "Cite this literature note" link near the bottom of the contents screen to view the author(s) of the note.
MLA
Select "Web site" as the citation type and leave the default "General Web site" option selected on the following screen. Answer "Free" to "Free or subscription content?" and indicate that the material is retrieved via a unique URL. On the main form, provide the author's name (see "Finding the author" above) and the name of the Web site (either "SparkNote on The Awakening" or "CliffsNotes on The Awakening" in this case). If you are citing a specific chapter within the note, provide the page or article title (for example, "Themes, Motifs & Symbols") and the unique URL directly to that section (http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/themes.html).
Example MLA citations:
Ward, Selena, and Sarah Spain. "Themes, Motifs & Symbols." SparkNote on The Awakening. 11 Feb. 2006 <http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/themes.html>.
Kelly, Maureen. "Character Analyses: Edna Pontellier." CliffsNotes on The Awakening. 11 Feb. 2006 <http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/id-25,pageNum-100.html>.
APA
Select "Web site" as the citation type and leave the default "General Web site" option selected on the following screen. Select "URL" as the online retrieval mechanism. On the main form, provide the name of the Web page/document (either "SparkNote on The Awakening" or "CliffsNotes on The Awakening" in this case) and the author (see "Finding the author" above). If you are citing a specific chapter within the note, provide the title of the specific section/chapter (for example, "Themes, motifs & symbols") and the unique URL directly to that section (http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/themes.html).
Example APA citations:
Ward, S., & Spain, S. (n.d.). Themes, motifs & symbols. In SparkNote on The Awakening. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/themes.html
Kelly, M. (n.d.). Character analyses: Edna Pontellier. In CliffsNotes on The Awakening. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/id-25,pageNum-100.html
Note: The "n.d." indicates that the site does not provide a date of electronic publication for the note. You may indicate the copyright year in that field, if you wish.
If you are citing a periodical article and you forgot to make note of necessary publication information (like the inclusive page numbers of the article, or the specific page number of a quotation), you have a few options:
InfoTrac vs. Galenet
Historically, Thomson Gale's periodical databases (e.g., InfoTrac Student, General Reference Center Gold, InfoTrac OneFile) were built on a platform called InfoTrac, while their reference resource centers (Student Resource Center, Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center, Literature Resource Center) were built on a different platform named Galenet.
In the past, it was necessary to distinguish between InfoTrac and Galenet databases since it changed what URL you provided in your citation, as shown in this out-of-date help screen:
http://support.gale.com/gale/article.html?article=1467
However, the citation document above was written prior to Thomson Gale's standardization effort, which included making all of their databases accessible via the InfoTrac platform. For your citations now, you may use http://infotrac.galegroup.com/ as the base URL for both InfoTrac and Galenet products.
Note: Thank you to the product manager and technical solutions consultant at Thomson Gale who helped us with this!
Q:
I am citing a document in "The Civil War Archive: The History of the American Civil War in Documents."
http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1579121101/
The sections of this book include reproductions or transcripts of primary source type material (like a speech transcript, a letter, an act, or some other type of historical document). Some sections begin with a short introduction from the editor, others do not. Should I cite these articles as the authoritative documents (for example, if it is a speech, should they follow the MLA style in 5.8.11) or should I cite these articles as generic short works in an anthology? Does it make a difference if the editor's comments are there or not?
A:
Your entry should start with complete data about the primary document, as appropriate to its genre (do not just treat it as a chapter in a book). Then give info about the book collection. In NoodleBib, this implies that you would select "Anthology/Book Collection" as the citation type, then choose the "Reprinted material in a book" option on the next screen and select the specific type of material that was reprinted (for example, "letter or memo"). Note: Additional reprint options will be added soon (for example, a reprint of a speech transcript in a collection).
If only part of the document is reproduced, you may choose to use the wording "Excerpted in" instead of "Rpt. in" before the anthology information if you wish to. For the purpose of the Works Cited list, it doesn't matter whether the publication is a photographic facsimile of the document or a transcription of the text content. Here's an of a historical letter in the book collection in your question:
Lincoln, Abraham. Letter to E. B. Washburne. 13 Dec. 1860. The Civil War Archive: The History of the American Civil War in Documents. Ed. H.S. Commager. New York: Black Dog and Leventhal, 2000. 44-45.
Note that this result ends up the same as the example for a published letter, in 5.8.13. The fact that primary documents are involved is not significant. If you also use the editor's notes or introductions, there should be an entry under the editor's name as well. Using a cross-reference (5.6.10), which is optional, the two entries could appear in the Works Cited list like this:
Lincoln, Abraham. Letter to E. B. Washburne. 13 Dec. 1860. Commager 44-45.
Commager, H. S., ed. The Civil War Archive: The History of the American Civil War in Documents. New York: Black Dog and Leventhal, 2000.
Your parenthetical references might read as follows:
Secession "brought frantic efforts to compromise" (Commager 44). Lincoln, who would not compromise in regards to slavery, wrote to Washburne, stating "blah blah blah" (45).
Unique URLs
The term "unique" implies that there is a URL that you can provide to someone else that will get that person directly to the page you were viewing. If the URL of the Web page ends in ".html" or ".htm", then the URL will usually be unique. However, other pages like those ending with ".asp", ".jsp", or ".php", are quite likely not unique. You also have to be careful with Web sites that use frames, since the URL in the browser's address bar does not necessarily reflect the address of a framed page that you are viewing. You can determine whether or not a URL is unique to the content cited by navigating to the page you are trying to cite, and then cutting and pasting the URL that appears in the browser's address field into a different browser window. If the page that you are citing loads in the new window, then you know that the URL is unique to that page.
Persistent URLs
The term "persistent" implies that a given URL will ALWAYS be associated with the Web page in question. In some databases, the URL that you see in the browser's address bar is not persistent (it has information about your browser session, your school ID, etc.) BUT the database may provide a separate link that is a persistent link to the material. EBSCO databases work this way, for example.
Length/Complexity
There is also the question of URL complexity. While it may be both unique and persistent, a URL may still be too long and complex to use in a citation. If the URL cannot be easily reproduced by a reader, it is often better to provide the URL of the home page (giving a link path to the content) or search page (these are options in NoodleBib).
Scenario: You have read a journal article written by John Smith. In the article, John Smith includes a quote from a book authored by Jane Adams (which you have not used in your own research). You would like to include Jane Adams' quote in your own paper.
Follow example #22 in the APA Publication Manual ("Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source"). Include an entry for the source you have in hand (the journal) in your reference list. In your parenthetical reference after the quote, credit the original source in addition to citing the secondary source. Use the words "as cited in..." to indicate that you are using material from a secondary source. For example:
...concluded that "without a doubt, the chicken came before the egg" (Adams, 1980, as cited in Smith, 2005).
For additional information and examples, see the APA FAQ:
http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html#13
The APA Publication Manual doesn't specifically address what to do when a source has more than one publisher. They do indicate that if more than one publication location is given, to just give the location listed first in the book (see section 4.14, p. 231 of the APA Publication Manual). The APA style helper software also provides no guidance with this. The manuscript editors at APA recommended that only the first publisher be listed in the citation. They used the publication location bullet mentioned above as the "rationale" for this.
Definition: A Web page at Answers.com compiles a variety of material reproduced from online reference sources, primarily online dictionaries and encyclopedias. For example, the following page about Martin Luther King, Jr. <http://www.answers.com/topic/martin-luther-king-jr> aggregates the results from 14 different sources, including Wikipedia, Who2, the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, Contemporary Black Biography and West's Encyclopedia of American Law (the last two from Gale) and others.
At the bottom of the article, if you click the "Cite" button next to a source, Answers.com claims to produce MLA, APA, and Chicago citation advice but the resulting citations are full of errorsas in this MLA citation for the Wikipedia article on this page:
Do not use this citation from Answers.com: "Martin Luther King, Jr.." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2009. Answers.com 30 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/martin-luther-king-jr
Frankly, we have no idea why they are underlining Wikipedia and italicizing Answers.com or why they aren't putting brackets around the URL. Even more problematic, the citation format tells us that they are treating Wikipedia as a printed reference book, a fact we know to be incorrect.
Regardless, there is a larger question here: How should repurposed material from a book, or a Web site or a database be cited if it appears as a single Web page compilation? We asked the MLA editorial staff about citing Answers.com and this is what they said:
For the page at Answers.com, I have two approaches that entail no change in the basic MLA guidelines. First, the less serious student should just cite this page itself. After all, there's no telling whether the material said to be from other sources has been modified or is kept up-to-date. There would be a false precision to meticulously citing, say, Houghton Mifflin when all one consulted was the Answers.com page. Second, the more serious student realizes this problem of sourcing and will not use Answers.com but will instead go to the original sources.
Based on this advice, we recommend that you first attempt to cite the original source (Preferred Option #1). If that is not possible, cite the Answers.com page as a Web page (Option #2).
Preferred Option #1: Cite the original encyclopedia article in Wikipedia (MLA 5.6.2b)
The citation will look like this:
"Martin Luther King, Jr." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Aug. 2009. Web. 30 Aug. 2009. <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.&oldid=310897320>.
NOTE: If you choose to include a URL, you can get the permanent link to the version of the Wikipedia article you are using by clicking "Cite this source" located in the Toolbox sidebar on the left hand side of a Wikipedia entry.
Option #2: Cite the compilation of sources displayed on a single web page, such as in Answers.com: (MLA 5.6.2b)
The citation will look like this:
"Martin Luther King, Jr." Answers.com. Answers, 2009. Web. 30 Aug. 2009. <http://www.answers.com/topic/martin-luther-king-jr>.
Note on evaluating a reference source
Clearly not all "reference sources" are created equal. While Answers.com conveniently gathers reference results for a subject, there is no way for the reader to determine how often the sources are updated or how they have been altered. Given these questions of currency and accuracy, even novice researchers could aim to hunt down the original reference material at an appropriate reading level and read that original source.
When you are viewing an article from an EBSCO database, the address you see in your browser's address bar is not the URL you should include in your citation -- it is too long and complex. However, EBSCO does provide a shorter, persistent URL for every article. If you are using EBSCOhost, click the name of the article in your search results list to view to bring up the citation format view for the article. Search for the "Persistent link to this record" URL near the bottom of the screen and copy and paste it into NoodleBib's URL field. It will look similar but not identical to this one:
http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=12239599&db=buh
Definition: CultureGrams contains reports on the countries and cultures of the world. The articles are written for the database, not reproductions of articles published in other sources.
Procedure: To cite a CultureGrams article, select either "Reference Source" or "Online Database." Be sure to indicate that this is original content.
Your citation will look like this (with the optional URL):
"Peru." CultureGrams World Edition. ProQuest, 2009. Web. 1 Oct. 2009. <http://online.culturegrams.com/>.
Definition: Facts on File offers subscription databases like American History Online that contain reproductions of primary documents. These include Supreme Court decisions, acts, government documents, speech transcripts, essays, and more.
What are you citing?
Case #1: If your are citing both the Facts on File editorial commentary and the primary source, cite the entire Web page.Procedure: Use the "Web site" citation type in NoodleBib, taking the information from the Facts on File text citation located at the bottom of the page.Case #2: When you citing only the primary source, we recommend that you choose the citation type in NoodleBib that best matches the primary source type (i.e., "Law Case," "Legal Act," "Government Publication," etc.).
Result in NoodleBib: :"Inaugural Address, 1921." American History Online. Facts On File, 2009. Web. 19 Sept. 2009. <http://www.fofweb.com/NuHistory/>.
Procedure: Use the "Law case" citation type in NoodleBib, taking the information from the Facts on File text citation located at the bottom of the page.Speech (insufficient information given)
Result in NoodleBib: Abrams v. United States. 40 S. Ct. 17. Supreme Court of the US. 1919. American History Online. Facts On File, 2009. Web. 19 Sept. 2009. <http://www.fofweb.com/NuHistory/>.
Or, if you are following the guidelines of the Bluebook rather than the MLA Handbook: Abrams v. United States, 40 S. Ct. 17 (1919). Damon - correct??
One might guess, but cannot determine precisely, which Web source Facts on File used. A Web search on "Warren T. Harding Inaugural Address, 1921" results in any number of sites (listed in order of results) which have mounted full text of the address:
Advice: When the Facts on File citation for primary a source document is incomplete, we suggest that you either (a) find the article elsewhere in an archive or reputable project on the Web, since it is in the public domain and freely-available or (b) cite the article without reference to the primary source (i.e., create a citation that looks like the "text citation" (Case #1 above). Clearly, (a) is the preferred option.
Procedure: Use the "Lecture, speech, address or reading" citation type in NoodleBib, select transcript and cite it from a reputable archive:
Result in NoodleBib: Harding, Warren G. Inaugural Address. United States. Washington, DC. 4 Mar. 1921. The Avalon Project, Lillian Goldman Law Library. Web. 19 Sept. 2009. <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/harding.asp>.
FOF Primary Source Citation: U.S. Congress. "Sedition Act, 1918." United States Statutes at Large, 65th Cong., Sess. II, Chp. 75, p. 553-554. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=E02120&SingleRecord=True (accessed September 19, 2009).
Note: Here, neither the Public Law number nor the Statutes at Large cataloging number is provided by the database. This is a case where you would either need to do some research on the Web to get these numbers, cite the material from another source, or just provide the "text citation" form.
Procedure: Use the "Legal act" citation type
Result in NoodleBib: Sedition Act of 1918. Pub. L. 65-150. 16 May 1918. Stat. 40.553. American History Online. Facts On File. 23 Mar. 2007 <http://www.fofweb.com/>.
FOF Primary Source Citation: Wickersham Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. "Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States (excerpt)." American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=E14034&SingleRecord=True (accessed September 19, 2009).
Procedure: Use the "Web site" citation type
Result in NoodleBib: "Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States." American History Online. Facts On File, 1931. Web. 19 Sept. 2009. <http://www.fofweb.com/NuHistory/>.
Note: Since this is an edited excerpt, we would recommend you cite it as a Web page (commentary and primary excerpt) within American History Online. If you would like to cite the primary source alone, you will have to search for it online to locate the full text because Facts on File is omitting important information from their source citation. We could make some assumptions and just treat it as a reproduction of a GPO-published document, but we don't really know if that is accurate.
FOF Primary Source Citation: Anthony, Susan B. "Petition to Congress Requesting Women's Suffrage." In Frost, Elizabeth, and Kathryn Cullen-DuPont. Women's Suffrage in America: An Eyewitness History. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 1992. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=awhd0184&SingleRecord=True (accessed September 19, 2009).
Procedure: Use the "Anthology / Book Collection" citation type
Result in NoodleBib: Anthony, Susan B. "Petition to Congress Requesting Women's Suffrage." Women's Suffrage in America: An Eyewitness History. New York: Facts, 1992. N. pag. American History Online. Web. 19 Sept. 2009. <http://www.fofweb.com/ NuHistory/>.
Thomson, P. (2003). The Squeaky, Creaky Bed (N. Daly, Illus.). New York: Doubleday.
*Since the the MLA Handbook does not address how to cite a CD-ROM or database that is reproduced in a second database, this advice is based on e-mail conversations (see Appendix) with MLA editors.Background: There are two kinds of articles from the "DISC" databases in Student Resource Center and the Discovering Collection:
Example of #1: Here is Gale's "Source Citation" (it's incorrect - do not use it) for Gale Document #: EJ2101205707 in Student Resource Center.
Aitken, Robert. "Criticism by Robert Aitken." DISCovering Authors. Online ed. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Student Resource Center - Gold. Gale. Palo Alto City Library. 15 Sep. 2009 <http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/infomark.do?
&contentSet=GSRC &type=retrieve &tabID=T001 &prodId=SRC-1 &docId=EJ2101205707 &source=gale &srcprod=SRCG &userGroupName=palo_alto &version=1.0>.
Aitken, Robert. "Criticism by Robert Aitken." A Zen Wave: Basho's Haiku and Zen. N.p.: Weatherhill, 1978. N. pag. Student Resource Center Gold. Web. 16 Sept. 2009. http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/start.do?prodId=SRC-1&userGroupName=palo_alto.
NOTES:
Actually the book A Zen Wave: Basho's Haiku and Zen is by both Robert Aitken and Basho Matsuo and was published in New York. The original book's chapter title is probably "The Old Pond" (pp. 25-29) which Gale has edited and renamed "Criticism by Robert Aitken." We gather these other facts of publication from:
o Amazon http://www.amazon.com/Zen-Wave-Bashos-Haiku/dp/1593760086/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1253059013&sr=1-2
o Questia http://www.questia.com/library/book/a-zen-wave-bashos-haiku-and-zen-by-robert-aitken-basho-matsuo.jsp
o WorldCat http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4194126&referer=brief_results
Your citation would include both database names and the name of the original book:
Aitken, Robert. "Criticism by Robert Aitken." DISCovering Authors. Detroit: Gale, n.d. N. pag. Rpt. of A Zen Wave: Basho's Haiku and Zen. [New York]: Weatherhill, 1978. N. pag. Student Resource Center Gold. Web. 15 Sept. 2009. <http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/start.do?prodId=SRC-1&userGroupName=palo_alto>.
NOTES:
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Appendix
Summary
"...limit the entry to...the original print source (if any) and the Web source used by the student....These two elements are the most critical ones. The original print source has the greatest authority, because the other versions are copies of it. And the Web source used by the student is the actual basis of the work in the paper. Any intermediate versions are less significant."For an original article that was written for the first database (e.g., DISCovering Authors) that has been reproduced in a second database (e.g., Student Resource Center), MLA's general advice is to:
"...cite only the database that the student consulted...a student who consistently tried to document them would have a hard time tracking all the mutations (databases merging, changing names, changing owners, etc.)."An exception would be if you ended up with two articles with the same title but one was from DISCovering Authors and the other was from DISCovering Multicultural America. If you do not include the intermediate database name, they will look identical. In this rare case, MLA responds:
"Here I'd recommend citing the earlier database as well as the one consulted. But that is an ad hoc judgment, made at the writer's discretion. Partly it's based on knowing that the Gale databases are relatively stable. I would not elevate that advice into a rule, because such a rule would drive students crazy in the 99% of cases where the earlier databases were irrelevant."------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
E-mail correspondence with MLA
As you can see in "Response #2, MLA's first inclination was to ignore the original database (DISCovering Authors) and cite it as a Web page in Student Resource Center. They reconsidered in "Response #3." In addition, the first part of the conversation addresses what to do with articles that were not original to the DISCovering Authors database (i.e., they came from a printed book, periodical article, etc.).
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E-MAIL #1 TO MLA FROM US
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A question came up recently that we thought you might be able to help with, since it deals with a citation format that isn't specifically addressed in the MLA Handbook. Gale publishes some subscription databases where the articles in the databases are pulled from other databases that they publish separately. For example, they have a database "DISCovering Authors" -- which they apparently first published as a CD-ROM reference database, and then as an online database. They then they pull articles from "DISCovering Authors" and reproduce them in other databases like "Discovering Collection" and "Student Resource Center Bronze." The articles in "DISCovering Authors" are a combination of articles reprinted from print sources and articles written for the database (not reprinted).
If you look at Gale's "source citations" I _THINK_ they are treating these as "material from the online version (e.g., "DISCovering Authors" online) of a CD-ROM reference source (e.g., "DISCovering Authors" on CD-ROM), reproduced in a subscription database (e.g., "SRC Bronze" or "Discovering Collection")."
Here is one of their source citations:
"Anne Sexton." _DISCovering Authors_. Online Edition. Detroit: Gale, 2003. _Discovering Collection_. Thomson Gale. Example Lib., Palo Alto, CA. 21 Aug. 2006 <http://find.galegroup.com/ips/infomark.do?&contentSet=GSRC&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=IPS&docId=EJ2101207317&source=gale&srcprod=DISC&userGroupName=sas&version=1.0>.
If you look at the article, it actually says at the top:
"Anne Sexton," in Concise Dictionary of American Literary Biography: The New Consciousness, 1941-1968, Gale, 1987, pp. 459-70.
But Gale ignores the original source of the material if it wasn't original to the DISCovering Authors CD-ROM/database (probably because the resulting citations would just be getting too complex). I believe that Gale has chosen to use the phrase "Online edition" in the citation to indicate that the material was pulled from the DISCovering Authors database (which reproduced the material from the original CD-ROM reference database). I'm not sure what they would do if the original database was not on CD-ROM?
What are your thoughts on these? Do you think what Gale is doing is reasonable? What would we do for material from an online subscription database reproduced in a different subscription database (not from a CD-ROM)?
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E-MAIL RESPONSE #1 FROM MLA
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If I understand your description correctly, I would limit the entry to the two elements mentioned in 5.9.7 (as well as elsewhere in 5.9, [refers to MLA 6th edn.] with regard to various Web publications): namely, the original print source (if any) and the Web source used by the student. I would not worry about intermediate databases.
These two elements are the most critical ones. The original print source has the greatest authority, because the other versions are copies of it. And the Web source used by the student is the actual basis of the work in the paper. Any intermediate versions are less significant.
I hope these comments apply.
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E-MAIL #2 TO MLA FROM US
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Yes, I would agree with that (although that isn't Gale's citation advice). But what about the case where the material is original to the first database (it was never in print)? For example, DISCovering Authors (on CD-ROM and then later in an online database version) has some article created specifically for that database. Then they create a new database called Student Resource Center that reproduces that article. If you look at Gale's example citation for this, they give something like the Anne Sexton one I gave in my previous e-mail (that one did have an original print source, which Gale ignored, but some other articles do not).
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E-MAIL RESPONSE #2 FROM MLA
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Then I would cite only the database that the student consulted. I believe that the _MLA Handbook_ says nothing about documenting prior databases. A student who consistently tried to document them would have a hard time tracking all the mutations (databases merging, changing names, changing owners, etc.).
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E-MAIL #3 TO MLA FROM US
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If the source was previously in print, than citing the print material and just the database you used would be adequate. But simply citing the material as if it came from the database you are looking at doesn't seem adequate if the original material came from the Web (or specifically in this case, another database). You could have two articles, both titled "X", where the citation was the same because one "X" was from database A and the other "X" was from database B, but you are not including information about A or B in the citation.
Perhaps the question is really broader than the one I am asking here. I think the real question is what does one do with material that was created for the Web (a generic Web page or, as in this case, an article created for a database), that gets reproduced in another database (or another Web site?)?
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E-MAIL RESPONSE #3 FROM MLA
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Here I'd recommend citing the earlier database as well as the one consulted. But that is an ad hoc judgment, made at the writer's discretion. Partly it's based on knowing that the Gale databases are relatively stable. I would not elevate that advice into a rule, because such a rule would drive students crazy in the 99% of cases where the earlier databases were irrelevant.
Gale's Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center poses a variety of citation problems to solve since it "draws on":
A spreadsheet of titles with publication information is provided here: http://www.gale.cengage.com/tlist/sb5999.xls
How do you cite a Spotlight Essay?
A basic search on "No Child Left Behind" yields sources called Spotlight Essays under the "Reference Tab."
According to an e-mail from a Gale Content Project Manager, "The spotlights are stand alone articles that are created for Opposing Viewpoints and only appear online. The spotlights do not appear in a print title." (e-mail 2/7/08) Therefore these should be cited as Web pages in a subscription database.
How do you cite a Statistical Table or other excerpt from a secondary source?
A basic search on "death penalty" yields sources generically called Statistical Tables under the "Statistics Tab."
The first result is list of laws from a government publication of the U.S. Department of Justice, the next is a timeline list of countries from an Amnesty International Web page and the third is a graph of public opinion from a Gallup poll. While the source of each is provided, each one of these "statistical tables" stands without benefit of the context in which it was originally presented and may not be up-to-date (e.g. all three were accessed June 1, 2005).
In fact, only "Federal Laws Providing for the Death Penalty, 2003," a government publication published in November 2004, is still available at the URL listed. If the student goes to the government URL in the Gale citation, there is a comment on the original PDF indicating that more recent editions are available here: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pubalp2.htm#cp .
In the other two cases, the URLs are not active and student must search each site to locate the list of countries which have abolished the death penalty and public opinion on the death penalty for murder. A search on either of these phrases provides the correct link to current statistical information as the first result in Google:
MLA (1.6) recommends that students evaluate sources for authority, accuracy and currency, important 21st century analytical skills. Based on the handbooks' advice "Whenever you can, take material from the original source, not a secondhand one," (MLA 6.4.7; MLA Guide to Scholarly Publishing 7.4.7) we suggest that you show students how to locate the original statistical information and cite it directly.
How do you cite a Statistical Table or secondary source when you cannot access the original?
MLA acknowledges that sometimes "only an indirect source is available" (MLA 6.4.7, MLA Guide to Scholarly Publishing 7.4.7). For example, a student might not have access to a chapter or excerpt from a print book as in this "Viewpoint Essay" from the anthology Capital Punishment: Cruel and Unusual?
In this case the student should follow our instructions on creating a Viewpoint essay citation. An enterprising student might locate the original transcript on Russ Feingold's Senate Web page and learn that his statement is over 2077 words, as opposed to the 1030 word count for Gale's excerpt.
In the example below, a "Statistical Table" from an article in a magazine, the student would select magazine as the citation type (online / in a subscription database) and copy the information that Gale has provided about the original source.
Definition: CQ Researcher is a continuously paged news magazine published weekly in print and online 44 times a year. Unlike a database which aggregates content from multiple publishers (e.g., Gale, EBSCO), CQ Researcher publishes original material written by a single author on a timely topic or theme (e.g., health, social trends, criminal justice, international affairs, education, the environment, technology, and the economy), Occasionally it includes reprints of other sources.
Procedure: To cite an original online article from CQ Researcher, select the "Magazine" citation type.
A citation with the optional URL will look like this:
Clemmitt, Marcia. "Medication Abuse." CQ Researcher 9 Oct. 2009: 837-60. CQ Researcher Online. Web. 8 Oct. 2009. <http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2009100900>.
Notes:
Cite an individual post on a listserv by selecting "Electronic Mailing List" as the citation type. If you are trying to cite the entire listserv, not just an individual post, use the "Web Site" citation type instead, providing the name of the listserv as the name of the Web site.
Whenever possible, site the version of the listserv post that has been archived on the listserv's Web site, rather than the e-mail that you receive. This allows your reader to locate the post as well.
When you do a search in Google or another search engine, the results represent links to external Web pages (not content published by the search company). Google software crawls the Web and creates an index of Web pages that that the robot "spider" finds. When you type search term(s) into the search box, Google's software searches this index. Therefore, there is no need to cite Google if all you have done is used it as a search engine to find other information. If you wish to indicate the search engine used, you can say something in your research paper like "When I searched [indicate the words you searched on] in Google..."
Books:
An online catalog provides the basic title/author/publication information that is required for any citation. If you took notes in your school library and need the publication information for your source, the first place to look is your library's Web-based catalog.
If your library doesn't have an online catalog, you can search by title or author in another online catalog, such as:
*TIP: If you want to get the book at a local library, add your zip code (postal code for Canada) in the box below your results to see if one of the 23,000 OCLC member libraries is in your neighborhood.
Alternatively, go to an online bookstore like Amazon.com and search for the book's title or author's name. When Amazon provides a "See Inside The Book" feature you can view the title page or search for a quote within the text.
Periodicals:
If you know the name of the periodical and the article title or author's name, go to the periodical's Web site and search in the archives to get basic information like volume number and date of publication.
LookSmart's FindArticles at http://articles.findarticles.com republishes articles from hundreds of journals, magazines, and news sources, so you may be able to find the article you used through this service. The only caveat is that it takes about 2 months for articles to appear online, so if yours was more recent, you may not find it here.
Although citing the page number(s) used will essentially guide the reader of your bibliography to the proper place in the source (the appendix), it is generally clearer to also state the appendix letter as part of the section title, as in "Appendix A: Selected Reference Works by Field" (note capitalization of title differs depending on citation style).
It may be important to your reader that you are citing an authoritative source, and indicating that the author you are referencing has an impressive academic or political title is one way to do so. However, that information does not belong in your source list. Titles like PhD, Dr., or even President should not be included in your citation (don't confuse titles like these with "suffixes" like "Jr." and "II" that should be included).
Instead, provide that information in the body of your paper:
"Dr. Smith goes on to say that...."
When you are viewing an article from an EBSCO database, the address you see in your browser's address bar is not the URL you should include in your citation -- it is too long and complex. However, EBSCO does provide a shorter, persistent URL for every article. If you are using EBSCOhost, click the name of the article in your search results list to view to bring up the citation format view for the article. Search for the "Persistent link to this record" URL near the bottom of the screen and copy and paste it into NoodleBib's URL field. It will look similar but not identical to this one:
http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=12239599&db=buh
If you are citing a periodical article and you forgot to make note of necessary publication information (like the inclusive page numbers of the article, or the specific page number of a quotation), you have a few options:
A journal contains scholarly articles with abstracts and references (e.g., footnotes, parenthetical references, citations). Submissions are peer reviewed which means that the scholar's work is evaluated for publication by experts or researchers in the field (academic peers) to decide if the work meets professional standards. The author's tone is serious and s/he uses words and ideas that are understood by experts but might be harder for a general reader to understand. In print journals the layout may include graphs and charts, but few photos, pictures and ads. For example, see Cell Research http://www.cell-research.com/ In the growing number of peer reviewed electronic journals, color and design elements are more prominent. For example, see BMC Biology http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbiol/ Often published by an academic or professional organization, a journal is designed to advance knowledge or publish research findings in a scholarly discipline.
A magazine appeals to a general audience, although their depth ranges from substantive to simple. In all good writing, concepts are explained, but the author does not provide the rigorous proof or methodology evident in scholarly work. In magazines designed for a more educated audience, a short list of books for further reading may follow an article, but footnotes are rare. Eye-catching pictures, colorful design elements and fonts, and many ads are evident. For example, see Psychology Today http://www.psychologytoday.com/current.asp or Odyssey Magazine. The goal of a magazine is to attract, inform and entertain general readers.
In a descriptive annotation, provide a short summary of the content or plot, and state the thesis or theme of the work. This enables your reader to make an informed choice about which of your sources would be of interest to them. Descriptive annotations demonstrate that your have read and understood your sources and used them wisely. Address such questions as:
In a critical annotation, evaluate the source and explain its value to your research. This enables your readers to select the most valuable sources. Critical annotations demonstrate that you have judged the accuracy, currency and credibility of your sources and identified relevant information within them. Address these revised questions which require judgment and evaluation:
All forms in NoodleBib end with an Annotation field, so that you can create descriptive or evaluative comments for each citation.
The distinction between a book and a reference book can be confusing. Some books that you might "reference" are still considered "books" for the purposes of citation.
Reference books are used to find factual information on a subject, and are not usually read all the way through or chapter by chapter. In a K-12 library, reference books are usually located in a special reference collection area, and cannot be checked out. Reference books include dictionaries, encyclopedias, thesauri, almanacs, atlases, and directories.
As a side note, in APA, the reader must also distinguish between reference books and what are called "annual periodicals." For example, consider a yearbook (which looks like a reference work). Annual periodicals often resemble edited books. To tell the difference, look at the publication's subtitle. If the subtitle changes annually, it should be treated as an edited book or reference work. If there is no subtitle, or the subtitle does not change year to year, it should be treated as an annual periodical.
InfoTrac vs. Galenet
Historically, Thomson Gale's periodical databases (e.g., InfoTrac Student, General Reference Center Gold, InfoTrac OneFile) were built on a platform called InfoTrac, while their reference resource centers (Student Resource Center, Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center, Literature Resource Center) were built on a different platform named Galenet.
In the past, it was necessary to distinguish between InfoTrac and Galenet databases since it changed what URL you provided in your citation, as shown in this out-of-date help screen:
http://support.gale.com/gale/article.html?article=1467
However, the citation document above was written prior to Thomson Gale's standardization effort, which included making all of their databases accessible via the InfoTrac platform. For your citations now, you may use http://infotrac.galegroup.com/ as the base URL for both InfoTrac and Galenet products.
Note: Thank you to the product manager and technical solutions consultant at Thomson Gale who helped us with this!
Title of video: "Learning differences: Effective teaching with learning styles and multiple intelligences programs 9-12"
Title of chapter: "The hook and hold strategy: anticipatory set"
Since the APA Publication Manual does not address what to do when a video is divided up into distinct sections, you could start drawing parallels to other citations that are similar, for example a "single episode in a television series", where both the series name and episode name are given in the citation. However, we would recommend that instead of inventing new rules that may or may not be right, you should cite the recording as a whole, then refer to the specific part in the text of your paper. So your citation would be:
Learning differences: Effective teaching with learning styles and multiple intelligences programs 9-12 [Motion picture]. (2002). United States: Walden University.
The in-text citation would be:
...and in "The hook and hold strategy: anticipatory set," we find that blah blah blah (Learning, 2002).
The Tricky Part: Original or reprinted?
In order to cite a poem, you must decide if it was originally written for the anthology or collection, or if it has been reprinted from a previously published book.
How can I tell if it's original or reprinted?
Test #1: Look for a list of "Permissions," "Copyright Credits" or "Acknowledgements" at the front or back of the book, or even a copyright credit on the same page as the poem. Since an editor of an anthology must obtain permission from the copyright owner to reprint a poem, if you find a credit statement, you have a reprinted poem.
Test #2: The title of the anthology indicates that the poem is new or reprinted.
Test #3: A preface or introduction explains how the poems were collected or created.
How do I cite an original poem?
In APA select "book" and answer "A chapter or part of the book (like an introduction or preface)" as the content of the book you are citing. List the name of the poem as the title of the section.
Citing an original poem in an anthology of multiple authors
Katz, B. (2001). Lessons from a painting by Rothco. In J. Greenberg (Ed.), Heart to heart: New poems inspired by twentieth-century american art (p. 55). New York: Harry N Abrams.
Citing an original poem in a collection by a single author
Oliver, M. (1992). When death comes. In New and selected poems (pp. 10-11). Boston: Beacon.
How do I cite a reprinted poem?
Select the "book" format but change the default value on the following screen ("Book") to "Reprint of a nonperiodical source."
Citing a reprinted poem in an anthology of multiple authors
Levertov, D. (1996). Witness. In C. Milosez (Ed.), A book of luminous things: An international anthology of poetry (p. 72). New York: Harcourt Brace. (Reprinted from Evening train, 1992, New York: New Directions)
Citing a collection of reprinted poems by a single author
Stevens, W. (1961). The collected poems of Wallace Stevens (pp. 92-95). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. (Reprinted from Harmonium, 1937, New York: Alfred A. Knopf)
Scenario: You have read a journal article written by John Smith. In the article, John Smith includes a quote from a book authored by Jane Adams (which you have not used in your own research). You would like to include Jane Adams' quote in your own paper.
Follow example #22 in the APA Publication Manual ("Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source"). Include an entry for the source you have in hand (the journal) in your reference list. In your parenthetical reference after the quote, credit the original source in addition to citing the secondary source. Use the words "as cited in..." to indicate that you are using material from a secondary source. For example:
...concluded that "without a doubt, the chicken came before the egg" (Adams, 1980, as cited in Smith, 2005).
For additional information and examples, see the APA FAQ:
http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html#13
APA Unpublished Interview
For APA, do not cite personal communications (e.g., face-to-face interviews, telephone or e-mail interviews) in the reference list, since they are not archived, recoverable sources. Instead, use an in-text citation (with initials and surname of person being interviewed) as in these examples:
"...at her wedding R. Abilock (personal communication, April 4, 2004) discussed..."
"...he called the current economic climate uncertain (R. Abilock, personal communication, July 6, 2004)."
APA Published Interview
The APA Publication Manual does not give specific advice about citing published interviews. A good way to do so is to add the information about the interviewer in square brackets after the publication date in the citation (or, if citing a titled article in a periodical, following the article title). For example, consider this interview published on the NPR Web site:
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4120281
We've added "[Interview with Tavis Smiley, host of The Tavis Smiley Show]" (you'll need to do this outside of NoodleBib). The finished citation would look like this:
Edleman, M. W. (2004, October 21). [Interview with Tavis Smiley, host of The Tavis Smiley Show]. Marian Wright Edelman: Bush leaving kids behind. Retrieved October 24, 2004, from NPR Web site: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4120281
What is an ERIC Digest?
ERIC Digests (full-text) are available for free through http://www.eric.edu.gov/ (click "Advanced Search" and then check "ERIC Digests" as the "Publication Type"). ERIC Digests are short overviews, with references to additional information, on topics of interest to educators and librarians. The have a unique ERIC identification number starting with "ED".
Instructions for citing online ERIC Digests
To cite an online ERIC Digest, click the "Details" button on your ERIC search result to see the full record (or view the PDF version of the document). Select "Technical/Research Report" as the citation type in NoodleBib, "Online" as the publication medium, and "Aggregated Database" as the online retrieval mechanism. The "Document Deposit Service Description" field defaults to "ERIC Document Reproduction Service" so you just need to add the ED Identification Number (e.g., "ED370881") next to that.
The persistent URL for an ERIC document is formed in this way:
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EDxxxxxx
...where EDxxxxxx represents the accession number of the PDF document (e.g., ED456789).
Example citation
Stahl, R. J. (1994, March). The essential elements of cooperative learning in the classroom. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED370881) Retrieved July 30, 2005, from ERIC database: http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED370881
Formal presentation
If your tour guide or docent gave a prepared presentation, you can select "Proceedings" as the citation type and then choose "Unpublished paper or poster session presented at a meeting
" from the following screen.
Informal conversation
If you gained information from a conversation, interview or discussion with a guide or docent apart from the tour, do not include this in your reference list because the citation does not provide recoverable data. Cite these sources as an APA parenthetical citation in-text only.
Your own observations or ideas
If the information is something you observed or an idea that you developed while on the tour - bravo! This is your original thinking and does not need to be cited.
This is something not covered by the APA publication manual, so we have to make an educated guess. We have 3 clues:
Putting these three clues together, an educated guess is:
Author of Notes (Copyright Year). Title of section in the liner notes. In Title of the album (pp. x-y) [CD liner notes]. City of recording company: Name of recording company.
An example (partly made up):
Lewiston, D. (1990). About the performers. In The Balinese gamelan: Music from the morning of the world (p. 2) [CD liner notes]. Los Angeles: Nonesuch Records.
The APA Publication Manual doesn't address this particular case of course, but you can use the "Computer Software" citation type and replace the description ("Computer software") with something like "Xbox game" -- for example:
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban [Xbox game]. (2004). Electronic Arts.
The APA Publication Manual doesn't specify what to do with a book on tape when you would like to credit both the author of the book and the narrator (when they are different), but our suggestion is to provide the names as shown here:
Rowling, J. K. (Author), & Fry, S. (Narrator). (2000). Harry Potter and the chamber of secrets [CD]. Bath: Cover to Cover.
This is similar to what you do with names when you want to cite several contributors to a motion picture (for example, the writer, director, producer, etc.).
Thomson, P. (2003). The Squeaky, Creaky Bed (N. Daly, Illus.). New York: Doubleday.
In APA, provide the name of the series after the name of the book and prior to the publication information. For example:
Author (Date). The circulatory system (Vol. 4). Encyclopedia of health. Publication location: Publisher.
Next to each citation you create in NoodleBib APA, you'll find a link titled "Parenthetical Reference Help." Click the link to get information about how to refer to that particular entry in-text, as well as a list of rules to follow for parenthetical references in general. We've listed that information here as well for your convenience.
What is a parenthetical reference?
A parenthetical reference is a reference within the body of your paper to one of the sources in your reference list. It indicates to your reader exactly what you derived from the source, and specifically where they can find it. You need to write a parenthetical, or "in-text" reference, whether you quote the material directly from the source, paraphrase it in your own words, or refer to an idea derived from the material.
What typically goes in an APA-style parenthetical reference?
The information that you need to include depends on what type of source the material comes from. For printed material, you normally only need to include the author(s) (or article title if there is no author) and year of publication (never the month or day) in your reference. When citing a specific part of a source (for example, a direct quotation), you will also want to indicate the page number(s) or other designation (chapter, figure, table, equation, etc.). For Internet sources, paragraph numbers can be used when page numbers are not available.
The information described above can be either included in the sentence that you write, or added in parentheses at the end of the sentence (see Rule 2).
What other rules do I need to know to write my reference correctly?
Rule 1: Placement
The parentheses are usually placed at the end of a sentence, between the last word and the period. If you are quoting material directly, the parentheses should go between the closing quotation mark and the period:
|
"The chicken came before the egg" (Smith, 2001). |
Rule 2: Sentence vs. parentheses
Only information that is not already contained in your sentence is necessary in the parenthetical reference. For example, in the following example the author's last name, Smith, is already stated, so only the publication date is necessary within the parentheses:
|
Smith theorizes that the chicken came before the egg (2001). |
Rule 3: Works by multiple authors
In parentheses, separate authors' names with an ampersand (&). When a work has two authors, cite both names every time you refer to the work. When the work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time your write the parenthetical reference, but only the first author followed et al. in subsequent references. When the work has six or more authors, cite just the first author followed by et al. for all references, including the first. Some examples:
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2 authors: 3-5 authors: 6+ authors: |
Rule 4: Referring to a source more than once in a paragraph
There are three ways to vary your in-text references:
When the name of the author is part of the narrative [as in #1), you need not include the year in subsequent nonparenthetical references within that paragraph as long as this does not cause any confusion. However, if you add parenthetical citations later in the paragraph, include the year. For example:
|
Smith, Jones, & Williams (2001) found that the chicken came before the egg. While this might seem remarkable, their other discoveries are even more amazing. Smith et al. found that some chickens crossed the road before laying their eggs. As if this wasn't miraculous enough, they also reported results for chicks. Apparently chicks cannot lay eggs (Smith, Jones, & Williams, 2001). |
When the author's name and year occur within the parenthetical reference (as in #2), include the year in subsequent parenthetical references in the paragraph.
|
The chicken came before the egg (Smith, Jones, & Williams, 2001). Even more astounding, Smith et al. (2001) found that some chickens crossed the road before laying their eggs. |
You may occasionally vary your sentence structure by including both the author and date in the narrative (as in #3). In this case, no parenthetical information is needed.
Rule 5: Distinguishing works by authors with the same last name
Information you provide in the parenthetical reference should distinguish exactly which work in your source list you are referring to. If two or more authors in your reference list have the same last name, add their first and middle initials as well. For example:
|
J. Smith (2001) and R. G. Smith (2002) have proven that the chicken came first. |
Rule 6: Distinguishing works by the same author with the same publication date
To differentiate works that have the same author and the same publication date, suffix the publication date of each work with a lowercase letter (a, b, c, etc.) in both the reference list and the parenthetical reference, in the order they appear in the reference list. NoodleBib does not do this for you automatically, so you will need to add this manually when applicable. For example:
|
In the reference list: In text: |
Rule 7: Identifying works with no author
If the work does not have an author listed, and is shown and alphabetized in your source list by its title, then you should refer to it in the parenthetical reference by its title as well. The title may be shortened to the first few words if it is long (for instance, do not include the subtitle), and should be quoted or in italics if it is quoted or in italics in your source list. Unlike your reference list, where only the first word in the title and subtitle are capitalized, the full title should be capitalized in your parenthetical reference. For example:
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The chicken came before the egg (Book of Poultry, 2001). |
If the author of the work is listed as "Anonymous" (and that is the way you are referring to it in your reference list), then cite it in text the same way. For example:
|
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Anonymous, 2001). |
Rule 8: Citing two or more works in one reference
Sometimes you may need to cite two or more works within a single parenthetical reference. To cite multiple works by the same authors, list the last names followed by the dates of publication for each work. See Rule 6 if publication dates are also the same. List in press references last. For example:
|
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Smith & Jones, 1998, 2001, 2003, in press). |
To cite multiple works by different authors, separate the author/date groups by semicolons, and list the authors in alphabetical order. For example:
|
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Jones, 2001; Smith, 1998, in press; Williams, 2003). |
Rule 9: Referring to a specific part of a work
Include page numbers (or an alternate numbering, as described here) if citing a direct quotation (see exception below). Sources sometimes use alternate numbering systems like sections (sec.), chapters (chap.), books, figures, tables, parts, verses, lines, acts, or scenes. Content within online sources can often only be referenced by paragraph (para.) number. If an alternate numbering system is used, include that information instead of page numbers.
Exception: Do not provide page numbers when citing parts of classic works (the Bible, classic verse, etc.). Instead include specific line, book, and section numbers as appropriate.
|
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Smith, 2001, pp. 3-4). |
Occasionally, a source may have neither page nor paragraph numbers. In this case, provide the heading of the section and the number of the paragraph following that heading, as in:
|
One e-book reports a different theory (Smith, 2001, Introduction section, para. 4). |
Rule 10: Personal communications
Personal communications like e-mails, unpublished letters and memos, and personal interviews are not included in your reference list, but they should be identified in text. Provide the full name (first and middle initials and the full last name) of the person, as well as the exact date of the communication (if possible):
|
J. Smith (personal communication, January 23, 2001) insists that the chicken came first. Another scientist (R.G. Smith, personal communication, February 2, 2001) says the opposite. |
Rule 11: Classical works
If you know the original date of publication for a classical work, it is often useful to provide that in your reference:
|
Smith (1820/1999) insists that the chicken came first. |
For very old works, the year of publication may not be applicable. For these sources, list the year of the translation or version:
|
The chicken came first (Smith, trans. 1999). |
A citation (in your References list) is not required for a well-known classical work like the Bible. However, you should parenthetically indicate the version (if applicable) after your first reference to the work. Use book/chapter/verse/line/cantos numbers to refer to specific parts of the work, not page numbers:
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Genesis 1:3 (Revised Standard Edition). |
Article keywords: parenthetical, parenthetical reference, apa parenthetical reference, in-text, in-text reference, apa in-text reference, intext, intext reference, as cited in, quote, quotation, (emphasis: parenthetical, parenthetical, parenthetical, in-text, in-text, in-text)
The APA Publication Manual doesn't specifically address what to do when a source has more than one publisher. They do indicate that if more than one publication location is given, to just give the location listed first in the book (see section 4.14, p. 231 of the APA Publication Manual). The APA style helper software also provides no guidance with this. The manuscript editors at APA recommended that only the first publisher be listed in the citation. They used the publication location bullet mentioned above as the "rationale" for this.
Videotape vs. Motion Picture
The APA Publication Manual does mention in section 4.12 that the term "Videotape" can be used to more specifically indicate the film's medium. But the citations shown in example 65 all use the term "Motion picture" (even one that is made available only on tape from APA -- "Responding therapeutically to patient expressions..."). The term "Motion picture" is a generic term, covering all mediums. So either is correct -- in NoodleBib, we always use the term "Motion picture."
Dictionary definitions and glossary entries should typically be cited as individual entries. An exception is that if you are using an online glossary where all of the words are listed on a single screen, you can choose to write a single citation that references the entire glossary; then just be sure to include parenthetical references where appropriate in the body of your paper where you refer to the definitions given.
CliffsNotes and SparkNotes both offer free study guides online for well-known literature. Both are cited in a similar manner. We'll look at the SparkNote and CliffNotes for The Awakening, by Kate Chopin:
SparkNotes: http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/
CliffsNotes: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/id-25.html
Finding the author
When citing a SparkNote, click on the "How do I cite this SparkNote?" link beneath the table of contents. This page will indicate the authors of the SparkNote (which they don't appear to report within the SparkNote itself). Likewise, if you are using CliffsNotes, click the "Cite this literature note" link near the bottom of the contents screen to view the author(s) of the note.
MLA
Select "Web site" as the citation type and leave the default "General Web site" option selected on the following screen. Answer "Free" to "Free or subscription content?" and indicate that the material is retrieved via a unique URL. On the main form, provide the author's name (see "Finding the author" above) and the name of the Web site (either "SparkNote on The Awakening" or "CliffsNotes on The Awakening" in this case). If you are citing a specific chapter within the note, provide the page or article title (for example, "Themes, Motifs & Symbols") and the unique URL directly to that section (http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/themes.html).
Example MLA citations:
Ward, Selena, and Sarah Spain. "Themes, Motifs & Symbols." SparkNote on The Awakening. 11 Feb. 2006 <http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/themes.html>.
Kelly, Maureen. "Character Analyses: Edna Pontellier." CliffsNotes on The Awakening. 11 Feb. 2006 <http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/id-25,pageNum-100.html>.
APA
Select "Web site" as the citation type and leave the default "General Web site" option selected on the following screen. Select "URL" as the online retrieval mechanism. On the main form, provide the name of the Web page/document (either "SparkNote on The Awakening" or "CliffsNotes on The Awakening" in this case) and the author (see "Finding the author" above). If you are citing a specific chapter within the note, provide the title of the specific section/chapter (for example, "Themes, motifs & symbols") and the unique URL directly to that section (http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/themes.html).
Example APA citations:
Ward, S., & Spain, S. (n.d.). Themes, motifs & symbols. In SparkNote on The Awakening. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/themes.html
Kelly, M. (n.d.). Character analyses: Edna Pontellier. In CliffsNotes on The Awakening. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/id-25,pageNum-100.html
Note: The "n.d." indicates that the site does not provide a date of electronic publication for the note. You may indicate the copyright year in that field, if you wish.
If you are a student:
MLA and APA are the two formats most commonly required in K-12 and college, although there many others such as Chicago Manual of Style and Turabian. Your teacher will tell you what format to use. If they haven't asked for a specific style, be sure to ask them before you start. Currently, you cannot convert between styles once you've created your bibliography in NoodleBib (i.e. you cannot convert an MLA list to APA, or vice versa).
If you are a teacher:
Students in Humanities courses are usually asked to follow the style MLA guidelines. Students in science and research fields are usually asked to follow the APA guidelines. In terms of numbers, a vast majority of middle and high school students are taught MLA style, whereas in college, there is a mix, depending on the research field of the student.
In college, the primary reason for using a standardised reference format like MLA or APA is so that a professional peer (in the same discipline as the writer) can understand the syntax and relocate the writer's sources. In high school, unless the bibliography is created for a larger audience, often the only readers may be the teacher and librarian. Teachers of K-12 students typically prefer the MLA format because the MLA Handbook provides much more detail about citing books, anthologies, audiovisual material, and other sources like interviews, advertisements, and cartoons that a high school student would be more likely to use in a research paper. In contrast, the emphasis in the APA Publication Manual is on sources that students would typically only encounter in advanced research, such as technical reports, proceedings of meetings, and dissertations.
Since teaching either MLA or APA style at the high school level will prepare students for college documentation, the emphasis should be on why it is important to cite sources. The process of citing is similar whatever format you use - you compile a bibliography, you refer to entries in the bibliography using parenthetical references, and so forth. It is like learning a computer programming language -- once you've learned one, others follow naturally because the basic concepts (e.g., object-oriented programming) are the same, it is just the syntax and order that changes. In the case of bibliographies, most teachers do not expect their student to memorize the formatting rules; they want them to learn the reason for citing and the process of documentation. NoodleTools helps them understanding WHAT information is important to cite (which is often the same in MLA and APA) and how to determine if they are citing correctly.
Within a single article
If you are citing two "pieces" of a single article, cite the entire article in your bibliography and then refer to the specific pages in parenthetical references in the body of your paper.
Within a single source
If you are citing two articles or sections within a source (book, magazine, etc.), cite both articles/sections individually in your bibliography. In MLA, you can use cross references if you are citing two sections of an anthology.
Within a Web site
If you are citing two separate pages from a single Web site, provide individual entries in your bibliography for both sources.
Cite an individual post on a listserv by selecting "Electronic Mailing List" as the citation type. If you are trying to cite the entire listserv, not just an individual post, use the "Web Site" citation type instead, providing the name of the listserv as the name of the Web site.
Whenever possible, site the version of the listserv post that has been archived on the listserv's Web site, rather than the e-mail that you receive. This allows your reader to locate the post as well.
When you do a search in Google or another search engine, the results represent links to external Web pages (not content published by the search company). Google software crawls the Web and creates an index of Web pages that that the robot "spider" finds. When you type search term(s) into the search box, Google's software searches this index. Therefore, there is no need to cite Google if all you have done is used it as a search engine to find other information. If you wish to indicate the search engine used, you can say something in your research paper like "When I searched [indicate the words you searched on] in Google..."
The distinction between a book and a reference book can be confusing. Some books that you might "reference" are still considered "books" for the purposes of citation.
Reference books are used to find factual information on a subject, and are not usually read all the way through or chapter by chapter. In a K-12 library, reference books are usually located in a special reference collection area, and cannot be checked out. Reference books include dictionaries, encyclopedias, thesauri, almanacs, atlases, and directories.
As a side note, in APA, the reader must also distinguish between reference books and what are called "annual periodicals." For example, consider a yearbook (which looks like a reference work). Annual periodicals often resemble edited books. To tell the difference, look at the publication's subtitle. If the subtitle changes annually, it should be treated as an edited book or reference work. If there is no subtitle, or the subtitle does not change year to year, it should be treated as an annual periodical.
Although citing the page number(s) used will essentially guide the reader of your bibliography to the proper place in the source (the appendix), it is generally clearer to also state the appendix letter as part of the section title, as in "Appendix A: Selected Reference Works by Field" (note capitalization of title differs depending on citation style).
It may be important to your reader that you are citing an authoritative source, and indicating that the author you are referencing has an impressive academic or political title is one way to do so. However, that information does not belong in your source list. Titles like PhD, Dr., or even President should not be included in your citation (don't confuse titles like these with "suffixes" like "Jr." and "II" that should be included).
Instead, provide that information in the body of your paper:
"Dr. Smith goes on to say that...."
In a descriptive annotation, provide a short summary of the content or plot, and state the thesis or theme of the work. This enables your reader to make an informed choice about which of your sources would be of interest to them. Descriptive annotations demonstrate that your have read and understood your sources and used them wisely. Address such questions as:
In a critical annotation, evaluate the source and explain its value to your research. This enables your readers to select the most valuable sources. Critical annotations demonstrate that you have judged the accuracy, currency and credibility of your sources and identified relevant information within them. Address these revised questions which require judgment and evaluation:
All forms in NoodleBib end with an Annotation field, so that you can create descriptive or evaluative comments for each citation.
Books:
An online catalog provides the basic title/author/publication information that is required for any citation. If you took notes in your school library and need the publication information for your source, the first place to look is your library's Web-based catalog.
If your library doesn't have an online catalog, you can search by title or author in another online catalog, such as:
*TIP: If you want to get the book at a local library, add your zip code (postal code for Canada) in the box below your results to see if one of the 23,000 OCLC member libraries is in your neighborhood.
Alternatively, go to an online bookstore like Amazon.com and search for the book's title or author's name. When Amazon provides a "See Inside The Book" feature you can view the title page or search for a quote within the text.
Periodicals:
If you know the name of the periodical and the article title or author's name, go to the periodical's Web site and search in the archives to get basic information like volume number and date of publication.
LookSmart's FindArticles at http://articles.findarticles.com republishes articles from hundreds of journals, magazines, and news sources, so you may be able to find the article you used through this service. The only caveat is that it takes about 2 months for articles to appear online, so if yours was more recent, you may not find it here.
A journal contains scholarly articles with abstracts and references (e.g., footnotes, parenthetical references, citations). Submissions are peer reviewed which means that the scholar's work is evaluated for publication by experts or researchers in the field (academic peers) to decide if the work meets professional standards. The author's tone is serious and s/he uses words and ideas that are understood by experts but might be harder for a general reader to understand. In print journals the layout may include graphs and charts, but few photos, pictures and ads. For example, see Cell Research http://www.cell-research.com/ In the growing number of peer reviewed electronic journals, color and design elements are more prominent. For example, see BMC Biology http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbiol/ Often published by an academic or professional organization, a journal is designed to advance knowledge or publish research findings in a scholarly discipline.
A magazine appeals to a general audience, although their depth ranges from substantive to simple. In all good writing, concepts are explained, but the author does not provide the rigorous proof or methodology evident in scholarly work. In magazines designed for a more educated audience, a short list of books for further reading may follow an article, but footnotes are rare. Eye-catching pictures, colorful design elements and fonts, and many ads are evident. For example, see Psychology Today http://www.psychologytoday.com/current.asp or Odyssey Magazine. The goal of a magazine is to attract, inform and entertain general readers.
If you are citing a periodical article and you forgot to make note of necessary publication information (like the inclusive page numbers of the article, or the specific page number of a quotation), you have a few options:
InfoTrac vs. Galenet
Historically, Thomson Gale's periodical databases (e.g., InfoTrac Student, General Reference Center Gold, InfoTrac OneFile) were built on a platform called InfoTrac, while their reference resource centers (Student Resource Center, Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center, Literature Resource Center) were built on a different platform named Galenet.
In the past, it was necessary to distinguish between InfoTrac and Galenet databases since it changed what URL you provided in your citation, as shown in this out-of-date help screen:
http://support.gale.com/gale/article.html?article=1467
However, the citation document above was written prior to Thomson Gale's standardization effort, which included making all of their databases accessible via the InfoTrac platform. For your citations now, you may use http://infotrac.galegroup.com/ as the base URL for both InfoTrac and Galenet products.
Note: Thank you to the product manager and technical solutions consultant at Thomson Gale who helped us with this!
When you are viewing an article from an EBSCO database, the address you see in your browser's address bar is not the URL you should include in your citation -- it is too long and complex. However, EBSCO does provide a shorter, persistent URL for every article. If you are using EBSCOhost, click the name of the article in your search results list to view to bring up the citation format view for the article. Search for the "Persistent link to this record" URL near the bottom of the screen and copy and paste it into NoodleBib's URL field. It will look similar but not identical to this one:
http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=12239599&db=buh
Cite an individual post on a listserv by selecting "Electronic Mailing List" as the citation type. If you are trying to cite the entire listserv, not just an individual post, use the "Web Site" citation type instead, providing the name of the listserv as the name of the Web site.
Whenever possible, site the version of the listserv post that has been archived on the listserv's Web site, rather than the e-mail that you receive. This allows your reader to locate the post as well.
When you do a search in Google or another search engine, the results represent links to external Web pages (not content published by the search company). Google software crawls the Web and creates an index of Web pages that that the robot "spider" finds. When you type search term(s) into the search box, Google's software searches this index. Therefore, there is no need to cite Google if all you have done is used it as a search engine to find other information. If you wish to indicate the search engine used, you can say something in your research paper like "When I searched [indicate the words you searched on] in Google..."
Books:
An online catalog provides the basic title/author/publication information that is required for any citation. If you took notes in your school library and need the publication information for your source, the first place to look is your library's Web-based catalog.
If your library doesn't have an online catalog, you can search by title or author in another online catalog, such as:
*TIP: If you want to get the book at a local library, add your zip code (postal code for Canada) in the box below your results to see if one of the 23,000 OCLC member libraries is in your neighborhood.
Alternatively, go to an online bookstore like Amazon.com and search for the book's title or author's name. When Amazon provides a "See Inside The Book" feature you can view the title page or search for a quote within the text.
Periodicals:
If you know the name of the periodical and the article title or author's name, go to the periodical's Web site and search in the archives to get basic information like volume number and date of publication.
LookSmart's FindArticles at http://articles.findarticles.com republishes articles from hundreds of journals, magazines, and news sources, so you may be able to find the article you used through this service. The only caveat is that it takes about 2 months for articles to appear online, so if yours was more recent, you may not find it here.
Although citing the page number(s) used will essentially guide the reader of your bibliography to the proper place in the source (the appendix), it is generally clearer to also state the appendix letter as part of the section title, as in "Appendix A: Selected Reference Works by Field" (note capitalization of title differs depending on citation style).
It may be important to your reader that you are citing an authoritative source, and indicating that the author you are referencing has an impressive academic or political title is one way to do so. However, that information does not belong in your source list. Titles like PhD, Dr., or even President should not be included in your citation (don't confuse titles like these with "suffixes" like "Jr." and "II" that should be included).
Instead, provide that information in the body of your paper:
"Dr. Smith goes on to say that...."
When you are viewing an article from an EBSCO database, the address you see in your browser's address bar is not the URL you should include in your citation -- it is too long and complex. However, EBSCO does provide a shorter, persistent URL for every article. If you are using EBSCOhost, click the name of the article in your search results list to view to bring up the citation format view for the article. Search for the "Persistent link to this record" URL near the bottom of the screen and copy and paste it into NoodleBib's URL field. It will look similar but not identical to this one:
http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=12239599&db=buh
If you are citing a periodical article and you forgot to make note of necessary publication information (like the inclusive page numbers of the article, or the specific page number of a quotation), you have a few options:
A journal contains scholarly articles with abstracts and references (e.g., footnotes, parenthetical references, citations). Submissions are peer reviewed which means that the scholar's work is evaluated for publication by experts or researchers in the field (academic peers) to decide if the work meets professional standards. The author's tone is serious and s/he uses words and ideas that are understood by experts but might be harder for a general reader to understand. In print journals the layout may include graphs and charts, but few photos, pictures and ads. For example, see Cell Research http://www.cell-research.com/ In the growing number of peer reviewed electronic journals, color and design elements are more prominent. For example, see BMC Biology http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbiol/ Often published by an academic or professional organization, a journal is designed to advance knowledge or publish research findings in a scholarly discipline.
A magazine appeals to a general audience, although their depth ranges from substantive to simple. In all good writing, concepts are explained, but the author does not provide the rigorous proof or methodology evident in scholarly work. In magazines designed for a more educated audience, a short list of books for further reading may follow an article, but footnotes are rare. Eye-catching pictures, colorful design elements and fonts, and many ads are evident. For example, see Psychology Today http://www.psychologytoday.com/current.asp or Odyssey Magazine. The goal of a magazine is to attract, inform and entertain general readers.
In a descriptive annotation, provide a short summary of the content or plot, and state the thesis or theme of the work. This enables your reader to make an informed choice about which of your sources would be of interest to them. Descriptive annotations demonstrate that your have read and understood your sources and used them wisely. Address such questions as:
In a critical annotation, evaluate the source and explain its value to your research. This enables your readers to select the most valuable sources. Critical annotations demonstrate that you have judged the accuracy, currency and credibility of your sources and identified relevant information within them. Address these revised questions which require judgment and evaluation:
All forms in NoodleBib end with an Annotation field, so that you can create descriptive or evaluative comments for each citation.
The distinction between a book and a reference book can be confusing. Some books that you might "reference" are still considered "books" for the purposes of citation.
Reference books are used to find factual information on a subject, and are not usually read all the way through or chapter by chapter. In a K-12 library, reference books are usually located in a special reference collection area, and cannot be checked out. Reference books include dictionaries, encyclopedias, thesauri, almanacs, atlases, and directories.
As a side note, in APA, the reader must also distinguish between reference books and what are called "annual periodicals." For example, consider a yearbook (which looks like a reference work). Annual periodicals often resemble edited books. To tell the difference, look at the publication's subtitle. If the subtitle changes annually, it should be treated as an edited book or reference work. If there is no subtitle, or the subtitle does not change year to year, it should be treated as an annual periodical.
InfoTrac vs. Galenet
Historically, Thomson Gale's periodical databases (e.g., InfoTrac Student, General Reference Center Gold, InfoTrac OneFile) were built on a platform called InfoTrac, while their reference resource centers (Student Resource Center, Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center, Literature Resource Center) were built on a different platform named Galenet.
In the past, it was necessary to distinguish between InfoTrac and Galenet databases since it changed what URL you provided in your citation, as shown in this out-of-date help screen:
http://support.gale.com/gale/article.html?article=1467
However, the citation document above was written prior to Thomson Gale's standardization effort, which included making all of their databases accessible via the InfoTrac platform. For your citations now, you may use http://infotrac.galegroup.com/ as the base URL for both InfoTrac and Galenet products.
Note: Thank you to the product manager and technical solutions consultant at Thomson Gale who helped us with this!
Currently none of the major databases reflect the MLA 7th edition (8/2/09). Generally we find that information given within databases is misleading and their examples are routinely wrong. Some databases generate a citation at the bottom of each entry, and those are also not listed here, but here are some examples:
CQ Press: http://library.cqpress.com/static.php?page=howtocite
EBSCO: Click "Help" when you are logged in, then select "Citation Styles" from the help table of contents on the left.
Thomson Gale (MLA only): http://support.gale.com/gale/article.html?article=1467
ProQuest (Updated Feb 2006; MLA, APA, and Turabian): http://www.proquestk12.com/pic/pdfs/ProQuest_Citation_Guide.pdf (Note: Still uses old service name "ProQuest Information and Learning" -- should now be "ProQuest").
MLA recommends the use of italics in your source list, as long as the difference between italics and the regular typeface is clear (MLA Handbook 3.3).
However, if your teacher instructs you to change the default from italics to underlining instead:
Keep in mind that this affects only the list that is open. Other lists in your personal folder will not change.
Definition: Facts on File offers subscription databases like American History Online that contain reproductions of primary documents. These include Supreme Court decisions, acts, government documents, speech transcripts, essays, and more.
What are you citing?
Case #1: If your are citing both the Facts on File editorial commentary and the primary source, cite the entire Web page.Procedure: Use the "Web site" citation type in NoodleBib, taking the information from the Facts on File text citation located at the bottom of the page.Case #2: When you citing only the primary source, we recommend that you choose the citation type in NoodleBib that best matches the primary source type (i.e., "Law Case," "Legal Act," "Government Publication," etc.).
Result in NoodleBib: :"Inaugural Address, 1921." American History Online. Facts On File, 2009. Web. 19 Sept. 2009. <http://www.fofweb.com/NuHistory/>.
Procedure: Use the "Law case" citation type in NoodleBib, taking the information from the Facts on File text citation located at the bottom of the page.Speech (insufficient information given)
Result in NoodleBib: Abrams v. United States. 40 S. Ct. 17. Supreme Court of the US. 1919. American History Online. Facts On File, 2009. Web. 19 Sept. 2009. <http://www.fofweb.com/NuHistory/>.
Or, if you are following the guidelines of the Bluebook rather than the MLA Handbook: Abrams v. United States, 40 S. Ct. 17 (1919). Damon - correct??
One might guess, but cannot determine precisely, which Web source Facts on File used. A Web search on "Warren T. Harding Inaugural Address, 1921" results in any number of sites (listed in order of results) which have mounted full text of the address:
Advice: When the Facts on File citation for primary a source document is incomplete, we suggest that you either (a) find the article elsewhere in an archive or reputable project on the Web, since it is in the public domain and freely-available or (b) cite the article without reference to the primary source (i.e., create a citation that looks like the "text citation" (Case #1 above). Clearly, (a) is the preferred option.
Procedure: Use the "Lecture, speech, address or reading" citation type in NoodleBib, select transcript and cite it from a reputable archive:
Result in NoodleBib: Harding, Warren G. Inaugural Address. United States. Washington, DC. 4 Mar. 1921. The Avalon Project, Lillian Goldman Law Library. Web. 19 Sept. 2009. <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/harding.asp>.
FOF Primary Source Citation: U.S. Congress. "Sedition Act, 1918." United States Statutes at Large, 65th Cong., Sess. II, Chp. 75, p. 553-554. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=E02120&SingleRecord=True (accessed September 19, 2009).
Note: Here, neither the Public Law number nor the Statutes at Large cataloging number is provided by the database. This is a case where you would either need to do some research on the Web to get these numbers, cite the material from another source, or just provide the "text citation" form.
Procedure: Use the "Legal act" citation type
Result in NoodleBib: Sedition Act of 1918. Pub. L. 65-150. 16 May 1918. Stat. 40.553. American History Online. Facts On File. 23 Mar. 2007 <http://www.fofweb.com/>.
FOF Primary Source Citation: Wickersham Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. "Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States (excerpt)." American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=E14034&SingleRecord=True (accessed September 19, 2009).
Procedure: Use the "Web site" citation type
Result in NoodleBib: "Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States." American History Online. Facts On File, 1931. Web. 19 Sept. 2009. <http://www.fofweb.com/NuHistory/>.
Note: Since this is an edited excerpt, we would recommend you cite it as a Web page (commentary and primary excerpt) within American History Online. If you would like to cite the primary source alone, you will have to search for it online to locate the full text because Facts on File is omitting important information from their source citation. We could make some assumptions and just treat it as a reproduction of a GPO-published document, but we don't really know if that is accurate.
FOF Primary Source Citation: Anthony, Susan B. "Petition to Congress Requesting Women's Suffrage." In Frost, Elizabeth, and Kathryn Cullen-DuPont. Women's Suffrage in America: An Eyewitness History. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 1992. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=awhd0184&SingleRecord=True (accessed September 19, 2009).
Procedure: Use the "Anthology / Book Collection" citation type
Result in NoodleBib: Anthony, Susan B. "Petition to Congress Requesting Women's Suffrage." Women's Suffrage in America: An Eyewitness History. New York: Facts, 1992. N. pag. American History Online. Web. 19 Sept. 2009. <http://www.fofweb.com/ NuHistory/>.
The Tricky Part: Original or reprinted?
In order to cite a poem, you must decide if it was originally written for the book collection, or if it has been reprinted in an anthology from a previously published book.
How can I tell if it's original or reprinted?
Test #1: Look for a list of "Permissions," "Copyright Credits" or "Acknowledgements" at the front or back of the book, or even a copyright credit on the same page as the poem. Since an editor of an anthology must obtain permission from the copyright owner to reprint a poem, if you find a credit statement, you have a reprinted poem.
Test #2: The title of the anthology may indicate that the poem is new or reprinted.
Test #3: A preface or introduction explains how the poems were collected or created.
How do I cite an original poem?
Select the "Anthology / Book Collection" citation type, then choose:
Example #1: A citation for an original poem in a print anthology of multiple authors
Katz, Bobbi. "Lessons from a Painting by Rothco." Heart to Heart: New Poems Inspired by Twentieth-Century American Art. Ed. Jan Greenberg. New York: Abrams, 2001. 55. Print.
Example #2: A citation for an original poem in a print collection by a single author
Oliver, Mary. "Li Po and the Moon." Evidence: Poems. Boston: Beacon, 2009. 7. Print.
How do I cite a reprinted poem?
Select the "Anthology / Book Collection" citation type, then choose:
Example #3: A citation for an reprinted poem in a print anthology of multiple authors
Levertov, Denise. "Witness." Evening Train. By Denise Levertov. New York: New Directions, 1992. 97. Rpt. in A Book of Luminous Things; An International Anthology of Poetry. Ed. Czeslaw Milosez. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996. 72. Print.
Example #4: A citation for an reprinted poem in a print collection by a single author
Stevens, Wallace. "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird." Harmonium. New York: Knopf, 1931. N. pag. Rpt. in The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens. New York: Knopf, 1961. 92-95. Print.
Are you citing an edited cookbook with recipes compiled from different people?
If the cookbook is a collection of recipes that the editor has collected from individual people or restaurants and published together, then treat it as an anthology. To cite a single recipe, select "Anthology / Book Collection" as the citation type, then leave the default "Material in a book (collection)" option selected.
Are you citing a cookbook of original recipes by a single chef?
If the cookbook is a collection of recipes attributed to a single chef, cite the cookbook as a book. To cite a single recipe, answer "a chapter or part of the book" when asked what content of the book you are citing.
Definition: Contemporary Literary Criticism Select contains "a biographical essay that discusses the author's life, works, and critical importance; critical essays or excerpts taken from books, magazines, literary reviews, newspapers, and scholarly journals; and, where available, interviews with featured authors."
Procedure: To cite one of these sources, choose the citation type (e.g., magazine, journal, newspaper, anthology essay) of the original publication.
Note: You will need to distinguish between an original source that was written for the print anthology (Case #1) and one that appeared in another source first (e.g., in a newspaper, magazine, journal) and then was reprinted in the print anthology (Case #2). In both cases, the source is now republished online in the CLC database.
Your citation (with the optional URL) will look like this:
"Khaled Hosseini (1965-)." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 254. Detroit: Gale, 2008. 40-41. Contemporary Literary Criticism Select. Web. 12 Sept. 2009. <http://galenet.galegroup.com.ezproxy.sfpl.org/servlet/LitCrit/sfpl_main/FJ2850350003>.
Case 2: Reprinted from another source
For a newspaper article from the Globe and Mail, a Canadian English language newspaper, reprinted in the anthology Contemporary Literary Criticism republished online in Contemporary Literary Criticism:
Your citation (with the optional URL) will look like this:
Conlogue, Ray. "Ray Conologue (Essay Date 12 June 2003)." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 254. Detroit: Gale, 2008. 41-42. Rpt. of "Afghanistan's Next Chapter." Globe and Mail [Toronto] 12 June 2003: R1. Contemporary Literary Criticism Select. Web. 12 Sept. 2009. <http://galenet.galegroup.com.ezproxy.sfpl.org/servlet/LitCrit/sfpl_main/FJ2850360003>.
MLA does not offer specific advice on citing a survey that you have created yourself. However, a survey is essentially a type of interview (MLA 5.7.7), therefore we suggest that you cite it in a similar manner.
Last name, First name. "Name of survey." Survey. DD Month YYYY.
Example of print survey citation:
Abilock, Damon. "Hot Lunch Options." Survey. 6 June 2009.Example of web survey citation:
Abilock, Damon. "Hot Lunch Options." Survey. Name of Web Site. Publisher of Web Site, 6 June 2009. Web. 29 Aug. 2009. <http://www.noodletools.com>.
BrainPOP creates and distributes its own proprietary video content online.
Procedure: Select "Film or Video Recording" as the citation type, then choose:
An example citation:
Cesar Chavez. BrainPOP. FWD Media, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2009. <http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/famoushistoricalfigures/cesarchavez/>.
NOTES:
What is a Viewpoints Essay?
Gale's Opposing Viewpoints is a series of print anthologies. The articles in these print anthologies have also been reproduced in Gale's Opposing Viewpoints Research Center database. A typical article is called a "Viewpoint Essay" and consists of:
Background: Changes in Gale's citation advice
Gale provides an example "Source Citation" at the bottom of each Viewpoint Essay. Interestingly, their citation examples have changed over the past few years. For example, they used to identify "Opposing Viewpoints Series" as the series name, whereas now they include this title as part of title of the anthology (as in Opposing Viewpoints: Endangered Oceans). In addition, Gale used to include details about the original (excerpted) print source in the citation. For example, compare the old and current source citations for this Viewpoint Essay:
Gale's previous citation:
Source Citation: "Antisubmarine Sonar Threatens Marine Mammals" by Nathan LaBudde. Endangered Oceans. Louise I. Gerdes, Ed. Opposing Viewpoints® Series. Greenhaven Press, 2003. Nathan LaBudde, "U.S. Navy Plans Ocean Assault," Earth Island Journal, vol. 41, Summer 1999, p. 18. Copyright © 1999 by Earth Island Journal. Reproduced by permission. Reproduced in Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group. 2004 <http://www.galenet.com/servlet/OVRC>
Gale's current citation:
Source Citation: LaBudde, Nathan. "Antisubmarine Sonar Threatens Marine Mammals." Opposing Viewpoints: Endangered Oceans. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Example High School. 12 Mar. 2009 <http://find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do?
How should you cite a Viewpoint Essay?
In the examples above, Gale indicates that the article "Antisubmarine Sonar Threatens Marine Mammals" was taken from "U.S. Navy Plans Ocean Assault," an article in Earth Island Journal which was published in 1999. It is certainly possible in NoodleBib to cite this as a journal article reprinted in an anthology that is reproduced in the Opposing Viewpoints database. However, we concur with Gale's current citation advice which does not treat this as a reprinted article since this Viewpoint Essay has been reformatted and edited, and contains a significant amount of new material including the editor's introduction, reader questions, and reading list.
Therefore, cite a Viewpoint Essay as a short work in an anthology, available online in Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center, without reference to the original magazine or journal source from which material is excerpt.
The citation for the source above, created in NoodleBib looks like this:
LaBudde, Nathan. "Antisubmarine Sonar Threatens Marine Mammals." Opposing Viewpoints: Endangered Oceans. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2004. N. pag. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 29 Aug. 2009. <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=OVRC>.
A note on the URL
While Gale's InfoMark URL will return you to the article as long as you are logged into the database, it is long, Therefore, we have included only the home page in the optional URL field. You can include the InfoMark in the URL field of your notes or the Gale Document Number: EJ3010130253 in the Annotation field of your works cited list so that you can return quickly to this source.
A note on evaluating and citing an excerpt
Generally MLA suggests that you read original rather than edited or quoted sources when possible. Since Earth Island Journal is a well known environmental periodical (see http://www.earthisland.org/journal/) you could try to locate the original source of the material in order to comment in your essay or annotation. In this case, you cannot read the original article because this journal's open archive does not go back to 1999. Other excerpted sources in Opposing Viewpoints, such as government publications or reports are often available in full on the agency's official Web site. When feasible, we suggest that you locate and read the original source, since this shows the excerpt within the context of the entire document. At the same time, you may have learned additional information from the "enhanced" excerpt in Opposing Viewpoints. Therefore cite both the enhanced excerpt and the original document in your source list.
Definition: A Web page at Answers.com compiles a variety of material reproduced from online reference sources, primarily online dictionaries and encyclopedias. For example, the following page about Martin Luther King, Jr. <http://www.answers.com/topic/martin-luther-king-jr> aggregates the results from 14 different sources, including Wikipedia, Who2, the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, Contemporary Black Biography and West's Encyclopedia of American Law (the last two from Gale) and others.
At the bottom of the article, if you click the "Cite" button next to a source, Answers.com claims to produce MLA, APA, and Chicago citation advice but the resulting citations are full of errorsas in this MLA citation for the Wikipedia article on this page:
Do not use this citation from Answers.com: "Martin Luther King, Jr.." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2009. Answers.com 30 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/martin-luther-king-jr
Frankly, we have no idea why they are underlining Wikipedia and italicizing Answers.com or why they aren't putting brackets around the URL. Even more problematic, the citation format tells us that they are treating Wikipedia as a printed reference book, a fact we know to be incorrect.
Regardless, there is a larger question here: How should repurposed material from a book, or a Web site or a database be cited if it appears as a single Web page compilation? We asked the MLA editorial staff about citing Answers.com and this is what they said:
For the page at Answers.com, I have two approaches that entail no change in the basic MLA guidelines. First, the less serious student should just cite this page itself. After all, there's no telling whether the material said to be from other sources has been modified or is kept up-to-date. There would be a false precision to meticulously citing, say, Houghton Mifflin when all one consulted was the Answers.com page. Second, the more serious student realizes this problem of sourcing and will not use Answers.com but will instead go to the original sources.
Based on this advice, we recommend that you first attempt to cite the original source (Preferred Option #1). If that is not possible, cite the Answers.com page as a Web page (Option #2).
Preferred Option #1: Cite the original encyclopedia article in Wikipedia (MLA 5.6.2b)
The citation will look like this:
"Martin Luther King, Jr." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Aug. 2009. Web. 30 Aug. 2009. <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.&oldid=310897320>.
NOTE: If you choose to include a URL, you can get the permanent link to the version of the Wikipedia article you are using by clicking "Cite this source" located in the Toolbox sidebar on the left hand side of a Wikipedia entry.
Option #2: Cite the compilation of sources displayed on a single web page, such as in Answers.com: (MLA 5.6.2b)
The citation will look like this:
"Martin Luther King, Jr." Answers.com. Answers, 2009. Web. 30 Aug. 2009. <http://www.answers.com/topic/martin-luther-king-jr>.
Note on evaluating a reference source
Clearly not all "reference sources" are created equal. While Answers.com conveniently gathers reference results for a subject, there is no way for the reader to determine how often the sources are updated or how they have been altered. Given these questions of currency and accuracy, even novice researchers could aim to hunt down the original reference material at an appropriate reading level and read that original source.
Definition: The World Book Online Reference Center is composed of World Book Advanced, World Book Students, World Book Kids, etc. which can be subscribed to in packages or individually. Content includes encyclopedia articles and links out to related EBSCO magazine articles. In World Book Student, for example, an encyclopedia entry for "Meyer, Stephenie" includes links to articles from Newsweek and Christian Century magazine.
Do not use World Book's citation advice for the encyclopedia article at the bottom of each article. For example in the citation for Stephenie Meyer, the reference database is not in italics. Nor do we do recommend that you use their "Citation Builder" which offers no help on the fields and produces citations for MLA, APA and Harvard with extra commas, missing quotation marks, capitalization problems (stephenie vs. Stephenie), etc. Finally, ignore the general advice for types of citations on their "Help" page which contains too many errors to enumerate and does not conform to the current MLA 7th edition.
In NoodleTools, to cite one of the encyclopedia articles in World Book:
A typical citation will look like this:
Cech, John. "Meyer, Stephenie." World Book Student. World Book, 2009. Web. 13 Sept. 2009. <http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar753590>.
NOTES:
http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar753590
Locate the ID of your article in the URL after "id=" (See green - http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar753590&st=stephenie+meye)
Definition: The AP Images database includes current and historical photographs from The Associated Press. When you click on a photograph, an enlarged image opens in a separate Web page. This web page includes the name of the photographer, when and where the photograph was taken, an image ID number, size and resolution, a substantial caption describing the context and content and a list of people in the photograph.
Procedure: Cite an AP Image as a photograph in a database
Choose "Painting, Sculpture or Photograph," then select:
A photograph taken by Mannie Garcia that Shepard Fairey used to create posters of Barack Obama which The Associate Press alleges infringes on their copyright is cited like this:
Garcia, Mannie. Obama Africa. 27 Apr. 2006. AP Images. AP, 17 Aug. 2006. Web. 15 Sept. 2009.
NOTES:
MLA Unpublished interview
If you have conducted a personal interview your citation contains basic information like the person's name, medium (e.g., face-to-face, by e-mail or telephone) and date. Your own name doesn't appear, since it is assumed that you are the interviewer. Since your interview is "unpublished," it is a good idea to archive and print an e-mail interview or tape record an oral interview.
Note: if you subsequently publish your personal interview on a Web page, you may cite it by selecting "Interview" as the citation type and then answering "Web site" on the following screen.
MLA Published interview
If you are citing an interview from a newspaper, magazine, book, one you heard on (or the transcript of) a television or radio program, sound or video recording, or an interview of an actor or director that is part of the bonus material on a DVD of a movie, select "Interview" as the citation type and then select the publication type on the following screen. Should you initially choose the medium of publication instead of "Interview," you will be able to select "An interview" when asked "What specifically are you citing?"
Gaiman, Neil. "Interview with Neil Gaiman." Interview by Mark Blevis. Just One More Book!!. N.p., 27 Jan. 2009. Web. 30 Aug. 2009. <http://www.justonemorebook.com/2009/01/27/interview-with-neil-gaiman/>.
Gaiman, Neil. "It’s Good to Be Gaiman: A Revealing Interview with Newbery Winner Neil Gaiman." Interview by Roger Sutton. School Library Journal. Ed. Brian Kenney. Reed Business Information, 1 Mar. 2009. Web. 30 Aug. 2009. <http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6640441.html>.
Note that the name of the interviewer does appear in the citation for a published interview.
Definition: An MP3 is a digital audio file type similar to "wav," "aiff" and "midi" files. You will be asked to provide the name of the file format in your citation. If you cannot determine the audio file format, you may use the general description "Digital file" in your citation instead of a specific type.
Generally you will encounter an audio file online on a Web page (Case #1) or as an independent digital file (Case #2). An "independent" digital file might be one you get in an e-mail which you save to your computer or one you buy in an online store like iTunes or Amazon and download to a digital playback device.
Procedure: For any digital audio file, choose "Sound Recording." You will be asked to choose among the following options:
Case #1: An audio file of a professional recording on a Web page (MLA 5.7.2)
In this example, we use the Egmont Overture available online from the Internet Archive
Your citation will look like this:
Mengelberg, Willem, cond. Egmont Overture, Op. 84. Comp. [Ludwig van] Beethoven. Rec. 4 Jan. 1930. Victor, 1930. Internet Archive. Web. 12 Sept. 2009. <http://ia311036.us.archive.org/3/items/BeethovenEgmontOverturemengelberg/Beethoven-EgmontOverturemengelberg.mp3>.
NOTES:
Case #2: An digital file of a professional recording on a playback device (MLA 5.7.18)
In this example we use the Egmont Overture on an iPod:
Your citation will look like this:
Beethoven, Ludwig van. "Egmont Overture, Op. 84." Moscow Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra. Beethoven's Greatest Hits. SLG, 2008. MP3 file.
NOTES:
Definition: An online reference work (e.g., dictionary, encyclopedia, atlas or statistical source) contains basic factual information about a subject (MLA 1.4.4) in a digital format.
Procedure: To cite an online reference book or reference database, use the "Reference Source" citation type, and select:
Option #1: Choose "No" when you do not have information about the original source, such as if:
Examples of "No"
"Global Warming." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2009. Web. 22 Aug. 2009. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/235402/global-warming>.
Note:
"Homer." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2009. Web. 22 Aug. 2009.
Option #2: Choose "Yes" if original publication information for the source is given, such as in:
Examples of "Yes"
Wu, Silas. "China." Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices. Ed. Thomas Riggs. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 219-35. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Aug. 2009.
Notes:
"Cornea." American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. 2004. Dictionary.com. Web. 22 Aug. 2009. <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cornea>.
Notes:
To cite a transcript of a speech, determine if you have the complete text or an edited or enriched excerpt of the speech. An authoritative version of a speech can be mounted on the original speaker's site or an official site. For example, the White House Web site mounts transcripts and complete audio recordings of the current President's speeches.
Case #1: Cite a complete online transcript of a speech using the "Lecture, Speech, Address or Reading" citation form.
A transcript of President Obama's weekly address calling for Judge Sotomayor's confirmation <http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/WEEKLY-ADDRESS-President-Obama-Calls-for-Thorough-and-Timely-Confirmation-for-Judge-Sonia-Sotomayor/> is cited like this (with the optional URL):
"President Obama Calls for Thorough and Timely Confirmation for Judge Sonia Sotomayor." Weekly Address. The White House, Washington D.C. 30 May 2009. Whitehouse.gov. Web. 13 Sept. 2009. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/>.
NOTES:
Case #2: Cite an abridged or edited online transcript of a speech using the "Web site" citation type.
While one might find a complete transcript of a former President's speech at an official Presidential Library, a transcript from the Annals of American History is likely to have been edited and enriched by an editor, such as this excerpt from George W. Bush's "Declaration of War on Terrorism" <http://america.eb.com/america/print?articleId=387729> which includes an "Introduction." The citation for an edited version of a speech online (with the optional URL) looks like this:
Bush, George W. "Declaration of War on Terrorism." Annals of American History. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2001. Web. 13 Sept. 2009. http://america.eb.com/america/print?articleId=387729
*Since the the MLA Handbook does not address how to cite a CD-ROM or database that is reproduced in a second database, this advice is based on e-mail conversations (see Appendix) with MLA editors.Background: There are two kinds of articles from the "DISC" databases in Student Resource Center and the Discovering Collection:
Example of #1: Here is Gale's "Source Citation" (it's incorrect - do not use it) for Gale Document #: EJ2101205707 in Student Resource Center.
Aitken, Robert. "Criticism by Robert Aitken." DISCovering Authors. Online ed. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Student Resource Center - Gold. Gale. Palo Alto City Library. 15 Sep. 2009 <http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/infomark.do?
&contentSet=GSRC &type=retrieve &tabID=T001 &prodId=SRC-1 &docId=EJ2101205707 &source=gale &srcprod=SRCG &userGroupName=palo_alto &version=1.0>.
Aitken, Robert. "Criticism by Robert Aitken." A Zen Wave: Basho's Haiku and Zen. N.p.: Weatherhill, 1978. N. pag. Student Resource Center Gold. Web. 16 Sept. 2009. http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/start.do?prodId=SRC-1&userGroupName=palo_alto.
NOTES:
Actually the book A Zen Wave: Basho's Haiku and Zen is by both Robert Aitken and Basho Matsuo and was published in New York. The original book's chapter title is probably "The Old Pond" (pp. 25-29) which Gale has edited and renamed "Criticism by Robert Aitken." We gather these other facts of publication from:
o Amazon http://www.amazon.com/Zen-Wave-Bashos-Haiku/dp/1593760086/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1253059013&sr=1-2
o Questia http://www.questia.com/library/book/a-zen-wave-bashos-haiku-and-zen-by-robert-aitken-basho-matsuo.jsp
o WorldCat http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4194126&referer=brief_results
Your citation would include both database names and the name of the original book:
Aitken, Robert. "Criticism by Robert Aitken." DISCovering Authors. Detroit: Gale, n.d. N. pag. Rpt. of A Zen Wave: Basho's Haiku and Zen. [New York]: Weatherhill, 1978. N. pag. Student Resource Center Gold. Web. 15 Sept. 2009. <http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/start.do?prodId=SRC-1&userGroupName=palo_alto>.
NOTES:
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Appendix
Summary
"...limit the entry to...the original print source (if any) and the Web source used by the student....These two elements are the most critical ones. The original print source has the greatest authority, because the other versions are copies of it. And the Web source used by the student is the actual basis of the work in the paper. Any intermediate versions are less significant."For an original article that was written for the first database (e.g., DISCovering Authors) that has been reproduced in a second database (e.g., Student Resource Center), MLA's general advice is to:
"...cite only the database that the student consulted...a student who consistently tried to document them would have a hard time tracking all the mutations (databases merging, changing names, changing owners, etc.)."An exception would be if you ended up with two articles with the same title but one was from DISCovering Authors and the other was from DISCovering Multicultural America. If you do not include the intermediate database name, they will look identical. In this rare case, MLA responds:
"Here I'd recommend citing the earlier database as well as the one consulted. But that is an ad hoc judgment, made at the writer's discretion. Partly it's based on knowing that the Gale databases are relatively stable. I would not elevate that advice into a rule, because such a rule would drive students crazy in the 99% of cases where the earlier databases were irrelevant."------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
E-mail correspondence with MLA
As you can see in "Response #2, MLA's first inclination was to ignore the original database (DISCovering Authors) and cite it as a Web page in Student Resource Center. They reconsidered in "Response #3." In addition, the first part of the conversation addresses what to do with articles that were not original to the DISCovering Authors database (i.e., they came from a printed book, periodical article, etc.).
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E-MAIL #1 TO MLA FROM US
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A question came up recently that we thought you might be able to help with, since it deals with a citation format that isn't specifically addressed in the MLA Handbook. Gale publishes some subscription databases where the articles in the databases are pulled from other databases that they publish separately. For example, they have a database "DISCovering Authors" -- which they apparently first published as a CD-ROM reference database, and then as an online database. They then they pull articles from "DISCovering Authors" and reproduce them in other databases like "Discovering Collection" and "Student Resource Center Bronze." The articles in "DISCovering Authors" are a combination of articles reprinted from print sources and articles written for the database (not reprinted).
If you look at Gale's "source citations" I _THINK_ they are treating these as "material from the online version (e.g., "DISCovering Authors" online) of a CD-ROM reference source (e.g., "DISCovering Authors" on CD-ROM), reproduced in a subscription database (e.g., "SRC Bronze" or "Discovering Collection")."
Here is one of their source citations:
"Anne Sexton." _DISCovering Authors_. Online Edition. Detroit: Gale, 2003. _Discovering Collection_. Thomson Gale. Example Lib., Palo Alto, CA. 21 Aug. 2006 <http://find.galegroup.com/ips/infomark.do?&contentSet=GSRC&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=IPS&docId=EJ2101207317&source=gale&srcprod=DISC&userGroupName=sas&version=1.0>.
If you look at the article, it actually says at the top:
"Anne Sexton," in Concise Dictionary of American Literary Biography: The New Consciousness, 1941-1968, Gale, 1987, pp. 459-70.
But Gale ignores the original source of the material if it wasn't original to the DISCovering Authors CD-ROM/database (probably because the resulting citations would just be getting too complex). I believe that Gale has chosen to use the phrase "Online edition" in the citation to indicate that the material was pulled from the DISCovering Authors database (which reproduced the material from the original CD-ROM reference database). I'm not sure what they would do if the original database was not on CD-ROM?
What are your thoughts on these? Do you think what Gale is doing is reasonable? What would we do for material from an online subscription database reproduced in a different subscription database (not from a CD-ROM)?
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E-MAIL RESPONSE #1 FROM MLA
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If I understand your description correctly, I would limit the entry to the two elements mentioned in 5.9.7 (as well as elsewhere in 5.9, [refers to MLA 6th edn.] with regard to various Web publications): namely, the original print source (if any) and the Web source used by the student. I would not worry about intermediate databases.
These two elements are the most critical ones. The original print source has the greatest authority, because the other versions are copies of it. And the Web source used by the student is the actual basis of the work in the paper. Any intermediate versions are less significant.
I hope these comments apply.
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E-MAIL #2 TO MLA FROM US
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Yes, I would agree with that (although that isn't Gale's citation advice). But what about the case where the material is original to the first database (it was never in print)? For example, DISCovering Authors (on CD-ROM and then later in an online database version) has some article created specifically for that database. Then they create a new database called Student Resource Center that reproduces that article. If you look at Gale's example citation for this, they give something like the Anne Sexton one I gave in my previous e-mail (that one did have an original print source, which Gale ignored, but some other articles do not).
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E-MAIL RESPONSE #2 FROM MLA
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Then I would cite only the database that the student consulted. I believe that the _MLA Handbook_ says nothing about documenting prior databases. A student who consistently tried to document them would have a hard time tracking all the mutations (databases merging, changing names, changing owners, etc.).
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E-MAIL #3 TO MLA FROM US
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If the source was previously in print, than citing the print material and just the database you used would be adequate. But simply citing the material as if it came from the database you are looking at doesn't seem adequate if the original material came from the Web (or specifically in this case, another database). You could have two articles, both titled "X", where the citation was the same because one "X" was from database A and the other "X" was from database B, but you are not including information about A or B in the citation.
Perhaps the question is really broader than the one I am asking here. I think the real question is what does one do with material that was created for the Web (a generic Web page or, as in this case, an article created for a database), that gets reproduced in another database (or another Web site?)?
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E-MAIL RESPONSE #3 FROM MLA
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Here I'd recommend citing the earlier database as well as the one consulted. But that is an ad hoc judgment, made at the writer's discretion. Partly it's based on knowing that the Gale databases are relatively stable. I would not elevate that advice into a rule, because such a rule would drive students crazy in the 99% of cases where the earlier databases were irrelevant.
Definition: Biography.com from A&E Television Networks ("AETN"), contains biographical information (text, audio and video), television shows (full episodes and "webisodes"), photographs, games and other interactive content. Typical of their biographical material is this "Frida Kahlo Deathiversary" Web page compilation http://www.biography.com/deathiversary/frida-kahlo/frida-kahlo.jsp
Case #1: A biographical article on a Web page
Definition: CQ Researcher is a continuously paged news magazine published weekly in print and online 44 times a year. Unlike a database which aggregates content from multiple publishers (e.g., Gale, EBSCO), CQ Researcher publishes original material written by a single author on a timely topic or theme (e.g., health, social trends, criminal justice, international affairs, education, the environment, technology, and the economy), Occasionally it includes reprints of other sources.
Procedure: To cite an original online article from CQ Researcher, select the "Magazine" citation type.
A citation with the optional URL will look like this:
Clemmitt, Marcia. "Medication Abuse." CQ Researcher 9 Oct. 2009: 837-60. CQ Researcher Online. Web. 8 Oct. 2009. <http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2009100900>.
Notes:
Formal presentation
If your tour guide or docent gave a prepared presentation, you could select "Lecture, Speech, Address, or Reading" for MLA's "oral presentation" citations (5.7.11)
Informal conversation
If you gained information from a discussion with a guide or docent apart from the tour, you can select "Interview" and then "Conducted by me" (MLA 5.7.7).
Your own observations or ideas
If the information is something you observed or an idea that you developed while on the tour - bravo! This is your original thinking and does not need to be cited.
Definition: CultureGrams contains reports on the countries and cultures of the world. The articles are written for the database, not reproductions of articles published in other sources.
Procedure: To cite a CultureGrams article, select either "Reference Source" or "Online Database." Be sure to indicate that this is original content.
Your citation will look like this (with the optional URL):
"Peru." CultureGrams World Edition. ProQuest, 2009. Web. 1 Oct. 2009. <http://online.culturegrams.com/>.
One way to cite multiple parts of an anthology is to create one complete citation for the entire anthology and then individual citations that refer to (or "cross reference") that main entry. Cross references are not required, but they can reduce repetition and improve the readability of your list. If you do not choose to use them, you must create a full citation for every source that you use in the anthology.
Hochschild, Arlie Russell. "Work: The Great Escape." New York Times Magazine 20 Apr. 1977: n. pag. Rpt. in Reading Culture: Contexts for Critical Reading and Writing. Ed. Diana George and John Trimbur. 5th ed. New York: Pearson-Longman, 2004. 366-73. Print.
NoodleBib does not currently support cross referencing, so you'll need to follow this procedure to add the cross references manually after you have saved your list out to Word.
Procedure:
Create a single citation for the entire anthology, including the editor(s) or compiler(s) in NoodleBib
George, Diana, and John Trimbur, eds. Reading Culture: Contexts for Critical Reading and Writing. 5th ed. New York: Pearson-Longman, 2004. Print.
Then for each selection from the anthology that you refer to in your paper, provide the author and title of the selection, the last name(s) of the collection's editor(s) of the collection, and the page numbers.
Lu, Min-Zhan. "From Silence to Words: Writing as Struggle." George and Trimbur 135-44.
Hochschild, Arlie Russell. "Work: The Great Escape." George and Trimbur 366-73.
If your works cited list has a second work by the same editor(s), include the abbreviated name of the anthology in the cross reference:
Lu, Min-Zhan. "From Silence to Words: Writing as Struggle." George and Trimbur, Reading Culture 135-44.
Unlike the previous edition, the 7th edition of the MLA Handbook indicates that an entry for the U.S. Code (USC) can be included in both the Works Cited list and using in-text references. In previous editions, the recommendation was to only include in-text references. The new wording in section 5.7.14 also seems to suggest that Works Cited entries could be included for familiar historical documents like the U.S. Constitution or the Declaration of Independence. However, no examples are provided for these.
MLA provides seemingly contradictory information about how to cite the US Code, referring the reader to the Blue Book but then giving an example for that is not consistent with guidance in the Blue Book or even with the examples they had provided in the 6th edition of the MLA Handbook. Note that this is not currently offered as a citation type in NoodleBib.
Works Cited entry for the US Code * :
17 USC. Sec. 304. 2000. Print.
* Note that this should be alphabetized in your Works Cited list as if it began with "United States Code."
Use parenthetical (in-text) references as follows:
Example for the US Constitution:
...President can be impeached for "high crimes and misdemeanors" (US Const., art. 2, sec. 4).
This refers to Article 2, Section 4 on impeachment of the President in the United States Constitution.
Or for the 5th Amendment of the Bill of Rights:
(US Const., amend. V)
Example for the US Code:
...terrorist lookout committees within each United States mission to a foreign country (8 USC 1733, 2002) have been created.
This refers to Title 8, Section 1733 about aliens and nationality in the United States Code.
More about the US Code:
The USC is divided into 50 "titles." For example, the Internal Revenue Code is title 26, so a parenthetical reference for the Web page http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-tege/irc457.pdf would look like this: (26 USC 457, 2002).
Other titles include:
15 (Commerce and Trade, including trademark statutes)
17 (Copyrights)
18 (Federal criminal statutes)
26 (Internal Revenue Code, the federal tax law)
35 (Patents)
47 (Communications law: telephone, radio/television, etc.)
Normally, include the illustrator's name after the title of the book:
Thomson, Pay. The Squeaky, Creaky Bed. Illus. Niki Daly. New York: Doubleday, 2003. Print.
There may be certain situations (rare) where you wish to stress the contribution of the illustrator(s) RATHER than the author. In this case, you can list the illustrator(s) first (and the author's name moves behind the title instead):
Daly, Niki, illus. The Squeaky, Creaky Bed. By Pat Thomson. New York: Doubleday, 2003. Print.
For numbers under 100, write out the full numbers, as in 1-12 or 20-34. For numbers greater than 100, give only the last two digits of the second number, unless more are necessary, as in 320-33, 1010-12, or 2895-910.
If you are citing a periodical article, and the article spans nonconsecutive pages, give the page number on which the article starts, followed by a plus sign, as in 6+ or 3C+.
In the 6th edition of the MLA Handbook, there was a a special rule for material from an online database, where the database provided only the starting page number (and possibly the total number of pages) -- the guidance was to provide the starting page number followed by a dash and a space. In the 7th edition, this special rule was eliminated. If only the starting page number is given by the database, simply give the page number followed by a "+" as you would do with a printed work (e.g., 6+).
Religious Works are cited in-text a bit differently than other sources. Italicize the title of the specific edition and use book/chapter/verse information rather than page numbers: ...the end of your sentence (Title, Book Chapter.Verse(s)). As an example, New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10 would indicate that you are referring to chapter 1, verses 5 to 10 of the book Ezekiel in the edition of the Bible named The New Jerusalem Bible. What is a parenthetical reference? A parenthetical reference is a reference within the body of your paper to one of the sources listed in your Works Cited list. It indicates to your reader exactly what you derived from the source, and specifically where they can find it. You need to write a parenthetical, or "in-text" reference, whether you quote the material directly from the source, paraphrase it in your own words, or refer to an idea derived from the material. What other rules do I need to know to write a parenthetical reference?
Rule 1: Placement "for all have sinned" (New Jerusalem Bible, Rom. 3.23).
Rule 2: Sentence vs. parentheses In Romans 3:23, Paul states that "all have sinned."
Rule 3: Abbreviate the name of books in the Bible
Rule 4: Supply only book, chapter, and verse(s) after the first reference Paul states "for all have sinned" (New Jerusalem Bible, Rom. 3.23). Later he asks "Do we, then, nullify the law by this faith?" (Rom. 3.31).
The parentheses are usually placed at the end of a sentence, between the last word and the period. If you are quoting material directly, the parentheses should go between the closing quotation mark and the period:
Only information that is not already contained in your sentence is necessary in the parenthetical reference. For example, in the following example the location in the Bible is already stated, so there is no need for additional information in parentheses at the end of the sentence:
For example, "Gen." for Genesis, and "Rom." for Romans. For a complete list of abbreviations for the books in the Bible, you may refer to section 7.7.1 of the MLA Handbook (abbreviations may be made available here at a later time).
After you have referred to the title and/or version of the religious work once in your paper, you may leave that information out of later references to the same work, if it is clear that you are referring to the same work.
Article keywords: parenthetical, parenthetical reference, mla parenthetical reference, in-text, in-text reference, mla in-text reference, intext, intext reference, qtd. in, quoted in, quote, quotation, bible, chapter, verse (emphasis: bible, bible, bible, parenthetical, parenthetical, parenthetical, in-text, in-text, in-text)
Next to each citation you create in NoodleBib MLA (except for in the Starter version), you'll find a link titled "Parenthetical Reference." Click the link to get information about how to refer to that particular entry in-text, as well as a list of rules to follow for parenthetical references in general. We've listed that information here as well for your convenience. If you are citing the Bible or another such religious work, please refer to this knowledge base article that specifically addresses that type of source.
What is a parenthetical reference?
A parenthetical reference is a reference within the body of your paper to one of the sources listed in your Works Cited list. It indicates to your reader exactly what you derived from the source, and specifically where they can find it. You need to write a parenthetical, or "in-text" reference, whether you quote the material directly from the source, paraphrase it in your own words, or refer to an idea derived from the material.
What typically goes in an MLA-style parenthetical reference?
The information that you need to include depends on what type of source the material comes from. For printed material, you normally only need to include the author(s) (or title if there is no author) and page number(s) in your reference. For multi-volume works like encyclopedias, you may also need to include a volume number (see Rules 6 and 7 below). For Internet sources, sometimes an alternative to page numbers, such as paragraph numbers, are cited.
The information described above can be either included in the sentence that you write, or added in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
What other rules do I need to know to write a parenthetical reference?
Rule 1: Placement
The parentheses are usually placed at the end of a sentence, between the last word and the period. If you are quoting material directly, the parentheses should go between the closing quotation mark and the period:
|
"The chicken came before the egg" (Smith 21). |
Rule 2: Sentence vs. parentheses
Only information that is not already contained in your sentence is necessary in the parenthetical reference. For example, in the following example the author's last name, Smith, is already stated, so only the page numbers are necessary within the parentheses:
|
Smith theorizes that the chicken came before the egg (21-33). |
Rule 3: When author names are similar or the same
Information you provide in the parenthetical reference should distinguish exactly which work in your source list you are referring to. Add a first initial or whole first name if the last name is not unique in your source list, or add the title of the work if there is more than one work by the same author. For example:
|
It has been proven that the chicken came before the egg (J. Smith 21-33). |
Rule 4: When there is no author
If the work is listed and alphabetized in your source list by its title (no author), then you should refer to it in the parenthetical reference by its title as well. The title may be shortened to just the first word (not including articles like "The" and "A"), and should be quoted or underlined if it is quoted or underlined in your source list. For example:
|
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Chicken 21-33). |
|
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Smith, 2006). |
Rule 5: Page numbers and other numbering systems
Sources sometimes use alternate numbering systems like sections (sec.), chapters (ch.), books (bk.), parts (pt.), verses, lines, acts, or scenes. Content within online sources can often only be referenced by paragraph number. If an alternate numbering system is used, include that information instead of page numbers. Note that a comma is used after the author (or title) in this case.
|
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Smith, pars. 3-7). |
Occasionally, you may find that page numbers are available in addition to these other numbering systems. In this case, it is helpful to include both; provide the page number first, followed by a semicolon, and then the other identifying information. An example follows:
|
One novel reports a different theory (Smith 55; pt. 1, sec. 3, ch. 1). |
An exception to this rule is that when you are citing a classic verse play or poem, it is standard to omit page numbers even if they are given, and instead cite by division (act, scene, canto, book, part) and line. Divisions and the line number(s) are separated with periods, as in the following examples:
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In his classic play, Smith jokes about the egg (Egg 1.4.55-56). |
Rule 6: When to cite the volume number
If you are referring to a multi-volume work like an encyclopedia AND you used more than one volume of that work in your paper, then your parenthetical reference should include the volume number you used, as in the following example where we are referring to pages 2-4 of the third volume:
|
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg ("Egg" 3:2-4). |
Rule 7: Referring to an entire work
If you are referring to an entire work (like an opera or an entire novel) and not a specific section of the work, state the author and/or title within the sentence, and do not add any further information in parentheses. For example:
|
Smith's opera "Chicken and Egg" is a light-hearted comedy. |
An exception to the rule above is that if you are citing an entire volume of a multi-volume work, you should include the volume number (either within the sentence, or in parentheses as shown below). Note that we use the abbreviation vol. when page numbers are not provided, unlike the example for Rule 5.
|
Volume 2 of Smith's book solves the chicken and egg mystery. |
Rule 8: Quoting or paraphrasing a quotation
If what you quote or paraphrase in your paper is itself a quotation in the source, add the phrase "qtd. in" to the parenthetical reference as shown here:
|
"I have proven that the chicken came before the egg" (qtd. in J. Smith 21). |
Article keywords: parenthetical, parenthetical reference, mla parenthetical reference, in-text, in-text reference, mla in-text reference, intext, intext reference, qtd. in, quoted in, quote, quotation, (emphasis: parenthetical, parenthetical, parenthetical, in-text, in-text, in-text)
NoodleBib orders the citations in your list for you automatically, but if you have a question about why your list is ordered in a certain way, understanding the rules that NoodleBib uses will help.
List entries are sorted in alphabetical order. If a name (author, editor, etc.) appears as the first component of the citation, then the entry is alphabetized by the person's first name. Alphabetization is performed letter-by-letter, ignoring spaces, punctuation, and capitalization. This means that an entry with an author with the last name "Du Bos" appears after an entry with an author with last name "Dublin" (since "dubos" would appear after "dublin" alphabetically).
The letters of an author's first and middle name are only considered if two entries begin with contributors with the same last name. If the first, middle and last names all match, then the alphabetization is based on the last name of the second contributor listed (or even third if the first two names match completely). Thus:
Smith, George, Michael Aaron, and Debbie Adams
Smith, George, and Debbie Adams (Note: "Adams" comes after "Aaron")
Smith, George, and Robert Adams (Note: "Robert" comes after "Debbie")
Note that the type of contributor does not factor in to the alphabetization process. For the purposes of alphabetizing entries, ignore the ed., trans., comp., or other word that appears after the name of the contributor.
If no contributor (author, editor, etc.) is given at the beginning of a citation or the name(s) of the contributors in two citations are identical, then the title that appears next (could be an article title, the name of a book, etc.) in the citation is used for alphabetization. If the first word of the title is A, An, or The then the entry is alphabetized using the second word of the title. Alphabetization by the title is again performed letter-by-letter, ignoring spaces and punctuation. Thus:
Smith, George, and Bell, James. Egyptian History. New York: Random, 1989. Print.
A Smith's Journey: How I Became a Goldsmith. New York: Random, 1988. Print.
S[mith], T[ruman]. "Goldsmiths." Business Week 5 May 2003: 99. Print.
"So You Like Gold?" New York Times 3 Apr. 1981, late ed.: C4. Print.
If the title begins with a year or number, the entry should be alphabetized as if the year or number was spelled out (NoodleBib does this for you automatically as well). Since NoodleBib cannot determine whether or not a particular number is a year or a number, we assume that the numbers between 1100 and 1999 (which are the numbers that are written differently based on whether they represent years or numbers) are years. So 1832 will be alphabetized as "Eighteen thirty-two" rather than "One thousand eight hundred thirty two." If your title contains a number in that range that is not a year, check your final list to be sure that the entry is alphabetized correctly.
If you are required to provide a URL but it is complex, you can supply the URL of a search page from which your enter the author's name, title or keywords and return to your source.
Example of a long and complex Google Map URL:
<http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=1325+44th+Street+Brooklyn&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=55.323926,86.572266&ie=UTF8&layer=c&cbll=40.637388,-73.988489&panoid=Q9V1wsNB0bPg_NdWMx4XCw&cbp=12,40.01,,0,20.55&ll=40.637447,-73.988588&spn=0,359.997717&z=19&iwloc=A>
Example of a shorter but still complex American Memory URL:
<http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lprbscsm&fileName=scsm0717/lprbscsmscsm0717.db&recNum=0&itemLink=D?scsmbib:1:./temp/~ammem_kxrH::>.
Since you can find this source by searching on the title "Facsimile of Gettysburg address in Lincoln's hand on an envelope" on the American Memory search page <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html>, you could use the search page URL instead.
The following list of standard abbreviations were taken from the MLA Handbook, 7th ed. They should be used as appropriate in your works cited list.
| Abbreviation | Replaces |
| abbr. | abbreviation, abbreviated |
| abr. | abridgement, abridged, abridged by |
| acad. | academy |
| adapt. | adapter, adaptation, adapted by |
| adj. | adjective |
| adv. | adverb |
| Amer. | America, American |
| anon. | anonymous |
| app. | appendix |
| arch. | archaic |
| art. | article |
| assn. | association |
| assoc. | associate, associated |
| attrib. | attributed to |
| aux. | auxilary verb |
| b. | born |
| BA | bachelor of arts |
| bib. | biblical |
| bibliog. | bibliographer, bibliography, bibliographic |
| biog. | biographer, biography, biographical |
| bk. | book |
| BL | British Library, London |
| BM | British Museum, London (now British Library) |
| BS | bachelor of science |
| bull. | bulletin |
| c. | circa |
| cap. | capital, capitalize |
| CD | compact disc |
| CD-ROM | compact disc read-only memory |
| cf. | compare |
| ch. | chapter |
| chor. | choreographer, choreographed by |
| col. | column |
| coll. | college |
| colloq. | colloquial |
| com | commercial (in an Internet URL) |
| comp. | compiler, compiled by |
| compar. | comparative |
| cond. | conductor, conducted by |
| conf. | conference |
| Cong. | Congress |
| Cong. Rec. | Congressional Record |
| conj. | conjunction |
| Const. | Constitution |
| cont. | contents, continued |
| copr., © | copyright |
| d. | died |
| DA | doctor of arts |
| DA, DAI | Dissertation Abstracts, Dissertation Abstracts International |
| DAB | Dictionary of American Biography |
| def. | definition, definite |
| dept. | department |
| dev. | development, developed by |
| dict. | dictionary |
| dir. | director, directed by |
| diss. | dissertation |
| dist. | district |
| distr. | distributor, distributed by |
| div. | division |
| DNB | Dictionary of National Biography |
| doc. | document |
| DVD | originally "digital videodisc" (now used to also describe other types of discs) |
| DVD-ROM | digital videodisc read-only memory |
| ed. | editor, edition, edited by |
| EdD | doctor of education |
| edu | educational (in an Internet URL) |
| educ. | education, educational |
| e.g. | for example |
| electronic mail | |
| encyc. | encyclopedia |
| enl. | enlarged (as in "rev. and enl. ed.") |
| esp. | especially |
| et al. | and others |
| etc. | and so forth |
| ex. | example |
| fac. | faculty |
| facsim. | facsimile |
| fig. | figure |
| fl. | flourished |
| fr. | from |
| front. | frontispiece |
| FTP | File Transfer Protocol |
| fut. | future |
| fwd. | foreword, foreword by, forwarded |
| gen. | general (as in "gen. ed.") |
| gov | government (in an Internet URL) |
| govt. | government |
| GPO | Government Printing Office, Washington, DC |
| H. Doc. | House of Representatives Document |
| hist. | historian, history, historical |
| HMSO | Her (His) Majesty's Stationary Office, London |
| HR | House of Representatives |
| H. Rept. | House of Representatives Report |
| H. Res. | House of Representatives Resolution |
| HTML | hypertext markup language |
| http | hypertaxt transfer protocol |
| i.e. | that is |
| illus. | illustrator, illustration, illustrated by |
| inc. | including, incorporated |
| infin. | infinitive |
| inst. | institute, institution |
| intl. | international |
| introd. | introduction, introduced by |
| ips | inches per second (in reference to tape recordings) |
| irreg. | irregular |
| ISP | Internet service provider |
| JD | doctor of law |
| jour. | journal |
| Jr. | Junior |
| KB | kilobyte |
| lang. | language |
| LC | Library of Congress |
| leg. | legal |
| legis. | legislator, legislation, legislature, legislative |
| lib. | library |
| lit. | literally, literature, literary |
| LLB | bachelor of laws |
| LLD | doctor of laws |
| LLM | master of laws |
| LP | long-playing phonograph record |
| ltd. | limited |
| MA | master of arts |
| mag. | magazine |
| MB | megabyte |
| MD | doctor of medicine |
| misc. | miscellaneous |
| mod. | modern |
| MS | master of science |
| MS, MSS | manuscript, manuscripts |
| n, nn | note, notes (used after page as in "56n" or "56n3" or "56nn3-5") |
| n. | noun |
| narr. | narrator, narrated by |
| natl. | national |
| NB | take notice |
| n.d. | no date of publication |
| NED | A New English Dictionary (cf. OED) |
| no. | number |
| nonstand. | nonstandard |
| n.p. | no place of publication, no publisher |
| n. pag. | no pagination |
| ns | new series |
| NS | New Style (calendar designation) |
| numb. | numbered |
| obj. | object, objective |
| obs. | obsolete |
| OCLC | Online Computer Library Center |
| OED | The Oxford English Dictionary |
| op. | opus (work) |
| orch. | orchestra, orchestrated by |
| org | organization (in an Internet URL) |
| orig. | original, originally |
| os | old series, original series |
| OS | Old Style (calendar designation) |
| P | Press (used in documentation; cf. UP) |
| p., pp. | page, pages |
| par. | paragraph |
| part. | participle |
| portable document format | |
| perf. | performer, performed by |
| PhD | doctor of philosophy |
| philol. | philology, philological |
| philos. | philosophy, philosophical |
| pl. | plate, plural |
| poss. | possessive |
| pref. | preface, preface by |
| prep. | preposition |
| pres. | present |
| proc. | proceedings |
| prod. | producer, produced by |
| pron. | pronoun |
| pronunc. | pronunciation |
| PS | postscript |
| pseud. | pseudonym |
| pt. | part |
| pub. | publisher, publication, published by |
| Pub. L. | Public Law |
| qtd. | quoted |
| r. | reigned |
| rec. | record, recorded |
| Ref. | Reference (the reference section of a library) |
| reg. | registered, regular |
| rel. | relative, release |
| rept. | report, reported by |
| res. | resolution |
| resp. | respectively |
| rev. | review, reviewed by, revision, revised, revised by |
| RLIN | Research Libraries Information Network |
| rpm | revolutions per minute |
| rpt. | reprint, reprinted, reprinted by |
| S | Senate |
| sc. | scene |
| S. Doc. | Senate Document |
| sec. | section |
| ser. | series |
| sess. | session |
| sic | thus in the source |
| sing. | singular |
| soc. | society |
| spec. | special |
| Sr. | Senior |
| S. Rept. | Senate Report |
| S. Res. | Senate Resolution |
| st. | stanza |
| St., Sts. | Saint, Saints |
| Stat. | Statutes at Large |
| subj. | subject, subjective, subjunctive |
| substand. | substandard |
| supp. | supplement |
| syn. | synonym |
| trans. | transitive, translator, translation, translated by |
| TS, TSS | typescript, typescripts |
| U | University (used in documentation) |
| univ. | university (used outside documentation) |
| UP | University Press |
| URL | uniform resource locator |
| USC | United States Code |
| usu. | usually |
| var. | variant |
| vb. | verb |
| vers. | version |
| VHS | video home system |
| vol. | volume |
| vs. | versus |
| writ. | writer, written by |
| www | World Wide Web |
What they mean and how to use them
When you cite publication information in MLA style, you give the place of publication, the name of the publisher, publication date and page numbers (if appropriate). If any of these components are missing, the MLA guidelines instruct you to substitute the following abbreviations: n.d. ("no date"), n.p. ("no place" or "no publisher") or n.pag. ("no pages given").
For example...
N.p.: Harper, n.d.
...means that the publisher is Harper and Row, but neither the city of publication nor the year of publication is given.
New York: Harper, 2008. N. pag.
...means that the book is not paginated.
Providing information that you know
If the source doesn't state the publication date, you can still provide it in your citation in brackets if you know it [1806] or even if you think you know it [1806?].
Brackets can be used around the publisher and city of publication in a similar manner.
Cowell, Andrew, ed. World EXPO 88: The Official Souvenir Program. [Brisbane]: Walsh, 1988. Print.
...means that the city of publication is known but not explicitly stated in the book.
[Eng.]: n.p., n.d.
...means that the writer knows that the source was published in England, but the source did not indicate either the publisher nor the date of publication.
Providing required information that you don't know
Sometimes the place of publication is required, so you may have to do some research to find it, then add it in square brackets.
Aitken, Robert. "Criticism by Robert Aitken." DISCovering Authors. Detroit: Gale, n.d. N. pag. Rpt. of A Zen Wave: Basho's Haiku and Zen. [New York]: Weatherhill, 1978. N. pag. Student Resource Center Gold. Web. 15 Sept. 2009. <http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/start.do?prodId=SRC-1&userGroupName=palo_alto>.
The most common heading for an MLA-style source list is Works Cited. A Works Cited list contains only works that you will cite in your text. By default, Works Cited is the header when you create an MLA-style source list in NoodleBib.
Works Cited: A broad title for a list including all types of media and books that you used in your paper. When you create a Works Cited list, the reader expects to find brief references to all of the works in the list within the text of your paper (these references are called parenthetical citations).
Bibliography: Literally means description of books. Can be used if your source list contains only references to written literature. The more general "Works Cited" heading can also still be used in this case though.
Works Consulted: Indicates that your source list is not limited to works cited in the paper, but also contains any sources that you found helpful while doing your research.
Annotated Bibliography, Annotated List of Works Cited, Annotated List of Works Consulted: Add the word "Annotated" to the heading to indicate that you have added comments (in the Annotation field) to some or all sources in your list.
Selected Bibliography, Selected List of Works Consulted: Add the word "Selected" to the heading to suggest that your reader use the list of sources to learn more about the topic.
Names of portals and search interfaces should not be part of your citation. This is a frequent point of confusion, because the title of the search interface is sometimes more prominent on the screen than the title of the database. For example, the search interfaces below would not appear in your citations:
The same goes for portals or collections of databases created by publishers. Give the specific database name, not the name of the collection. The following collection names would not appear in your citation:
When two (or more) consecutive entries in a MLA-style source list begin with the same name(s) in the same order (can be authors, editors, etc.), then the names are treated normally in the first entry, but are replaced with three dashes (MLA calls them "hyphens") in subsequent entries. (MLA 5.3.5).
Therefore, if you had Book X, Journal Article Y, and Newspaper Article Z all authored by "John Smith" then they would be written (partial citation displayed to illustrate the point):
Smith, John. Book X. etc...
- - -. "Journal Article Y." Journal Y etc...
- - -. "Newspaper Article Z." Newspaper Z etc...
In a government publication, two sets of dashes or hyphens may replace the same government name (United States) and the legislature (Cong.) or an agency. (MLA 5.5.20)
United States. Cong. House.
- - -. - - -. Senate.
Dictionary definitions and glossary entries should typically be cited as individual entries. An exception is that if you are using an online glossary where all of the words are listed on a single screen, you can choose to write a single citation that references the entire glossary; then just be sure to include parenthetical references where appropriate in the body of your paper where you refer to the definitions given.
A common question is where to put the name of the editor (or compiler, translator, etc.) when there is no author (or an author is not named). Whether or not the editor comes at the beginning of the citation or after the title depends on a few different criteria. There are 4 cases:
Case #1: An entire anthology/collection (5.6.2) or reference work (parts of 5.6.15)
In this case, the editor would appear at the beginning of the citation. The reason is because when you cite an anthology or collection or an entire reference work, the editor is the "creator" of the work -- the editor's name should appear at the beginning of the citation in order to stress his contribution. In NoodleBib, you would select "Anthology/Book Collection" (or "Reference Source") as the citation type and then select "The entire anthology" (or "The entire reference source") when prompted.
Case #2: A short work in an anthology/collection (5.6.7) or an article in a reference work (5.6.8)
In this case, the editor is no longer the "creator" of the material being cited. We may or may not know who wrote the short work or article, but in either case, the name of the editor should go after the title of the book. If the author is not known, the citation will begin with the title of the book. In NoodleBib, you would select the same citation type. For an anthology/collection, you would then select "Material in a book" (or "Reprinted material in a book") on the next screen. For a reference source, you would select "An article or entry."
Case #3: An edition (5.6.12)
When we talk about an "edition," we don't mean a book that is out in a 2nd or 3rd edition. Rather, we are referring to a literary or classical work which has been prepared from various versions (e.g., a play by Shakespeare in which the editor chose certain lines from one folio, updated punctuation and spelling, and written an introduction and explanatory notes). In this case, the editor comes after the title. In NoodleBib, you would be using the "Book" citation type.
Case #4: The exception -- stressing the contribution of a particular person
There is an exception to the rules above, which is that if you wish to stress an individual's contribution to the work, you may want to list that person first. This could be an editor, a translator, an illustrator, or any other contributor. To see examples, take a look at section 5.6.3 and page 165 in section 5.6.12. In 5.6.3, they have placed Marie Borroff's name at the beginning of the citations because the subject of the report that these citations are for clearly have something to do with her (the works themselves are unrelated, so although they do not state it, the obvious conclusion is that the paper is about Borroff). On page 165, read the paragraph starting with "If your citations are generally the work of the editor...." As in 5.6.3, When you wish to stress the contribution of the editor, you place his name first, whether or not there is an author.
The current version of NoodleBib does not allow you choose an individual (editor, translator, or other) and mark him as "the one I want to stress in this citation." We have chosen not to include this option because we feel that students would probably be confused by the additional choice.
If you are citing the original painting, sculpture, or photograph, use the "Painting, Sculpture or Photograph" citation form. You will be asked for information on where that artwork is housed (e.g. a museum or the name or owner of a private collection).
If you are citing an image within an online image database (e.g., Corbis, American Memory), where the image is not retrieved as part of a publication (like an online newspaper or magazine), use the "Painting, Sculpture or Photograph" citation form, select "online" as the publication medium, and then indicate whether the photograph is a work of art (the original appears in a museum or collection) or if it is a documentary photograph (usually attributed to a separate copyright holder). An image may appear within a Web site like Corbis or Getty Images (give "Corbis" or "Getty Images" as the name of the Web site and provide a link to the photograph preview when possible). To cite an image from the AccuNet/AP Multimedia Archive database, please click here for instructions specific to that database (if you want to create a citation that matches the example citation given by that database).
When an image is incorporated into a periodical article, Web page, book, or other publication, you should generally cite the publication as a whole in your Works Cited list and then refer to the specific image in-text (whether or not you actually read or used the rest of the article, Web content, chapter, etc.). However, NoodleBib does provide ways to cite just the image if desired, as described here:
If you are citing a photograph that you took yourself follow the format below(note that this is not currently an available citation type in NoodleBib):
[Subject of photo]. Personal photograph by author. [Date photo was taken].
For example:
Pescadero Beach at sunset. Personal photograph by author. 18 Aug. 2003.
Freely-available graphics and clip art do not need to be cited or referenced.
Gale's Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center poses a variety of citation problems to solve since it "draws on":
A spreadsheet of titles with publication information is provided here: http://www.gale.cengage.com/tlist/sb5999.xls
How do you cite a Spotlight Essay?
A basic search on "No Child Left Behind" yields sources called Spotlight Essays under the "Reference Tab."
According to an e-mail from a Gale Content Project Manager, "The spotlights are stand alone articles that are created for Opposing Viewpoints and only appear online. The spotlights do not appear in a print title." (e-mail 2/7/08) Therefore these should be cited as Web pages in a subscription database.
How do you cite a Statistical Table or other excerpt from a secondary source?
A basic search on "death penalty" yields sources generically called Statistical Tables under the "Statistics Tab."
The first result is list of laws from a government publication of the U.S. Department of Justice, the next is a timeline list of countries from an Amnesty International Web page and the third is a graph of public opinion from a Gallup poll. While the source of each is provided, each one of these "statistical tables" stands without benefit of the context in which it was originally presented and may not be up-to-date (e.g. all three were accessed June 1, 2005).
In fact, only "Federal Laws Providing for the Death Penalty, 2003," a government publication published in November 2004, is still available at the URL listed. If the student goes to the government URL in the Gale citation, there is a comment on the original PDF indicating that more recent editions are available here: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pubalp2.htm#cp .
In the other two cases, the URLs are not active and student must search each site to locate the list of countries which have abolished the death penalty and public opinion on the death penalty for murder. A search on either of these phrases provides the correct link to current statistical information as the first result in Google:
MLA (1.6) recommends that students evaluate sources for authority, accuracy and currency, important 21st century analytical skills. Based on the handbooks' advice "Whenever you can, take material from the original source, not a secondhand one," (MLA 6.4.7; MLA Guide to Scholarly Publishing 7.4.7) we suggest that you show students how to locate the original statistical information and cite it directly.
How do you cite a Statistical Table or secondary source when you cannot access the original?
MLA acknowledges that sometimes "only an indirect source is available" (MLA 6.4.7, MLA Guide to Scholarly Publishing 7.4.7). For example, a student might not have access to a chapter or excerpt from a print book as in this "Viewpoint Essay" from the anthology Capital Punishment: Cruel and Unusual?
In this case the student should follow our instructions on creating a Viewpoint essay citation. An enterprising student might locate the original transcript on Russ Feingold's Senate Web page and learn that his statement is over 2077 words, as opposed to the 1030 word count for Gale's excerpt.
In the example below, a "Statistical Table" from an article in a magazine, the student would select magazine as the citation type (online / in a subscription database) and copy the information that Gale has provided about the original source.
Q:
I am citing a document in "The Civil War Archive: The History of the American Civil War in Documents."
http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1579121101/
The sections of this book include reproductions or transcripts of primary source type material (like a speech transcript, a letter, an act, or some other type of historical document). Some sections begin with a short introduction from the editor, others do not. Should I cite these articles as the authoritative documents (for example, if it is a speech, should they follow the MLA style in 5.8.11) or should I cite these articles as generic short works in an anthology? Does it make a difference if the editor's comments are there or not?
A:
Your entry should start with complete data about the primary document, as appropriate to its genre (do not just treat it as a chapter in a book). Then give info about the book collection. In NoodleBib, this implies that you would select "Anthology/Book Collection" as the citation type, then choose the "Reprinted material in a book" option on the next screen and select the specific type of material that was reprinted (for example, "letter or memo"). Note: Additional reprint options will be added soon (for example, a reprint of a speech transcript in a collection).
If only part of the document is reproduced, you may choose to use the wording "Excerpted in" instead of "Rpt. in" before the anthology information if you wish to. For the purpose of the Works Cited list, it doesn't matter whether the publication is a photographic facsimile of the document or a transcription of the text content. Here's an of a historical letter in the book collection in your question:
Lincoln, Abraham. Letter to E. B. Washburne. 13 Dec. 1860. The Civil War Archive: The History of the American Civil War in Documents. Ed. H.S. Commager. New York: Black Dog and Leventhal, 2000. 44-45.
Note that this result ends up the same as the example for a published letter, in 5.8.13. The fact that primary documents are involved is not significant. If you also use the editor's notes or introductions, there should be an entry under the editor's name as well. Using a cross-reference (5.6.10), which is optional, the two entries could appear in the Works Cited list like this:
Lincoln, Abraham. Letter to E. B. Washburne. 13 Dec. 1860. Commager 44-45.
Commager, H. S., ed. The Civil War Archive: The History of the American Civil War in Documents. New York: Black Dog and Leventhal, 2000.
Your parenthetical references might read as follows:
Secession "brought frantic efforts to compromise" (Commager 44). Lincoln, who would not compromise in regards to slavery, wrote to Washburne, stating "blah blah blah" (45).
When you use the "Open as Word Doc" feature to save your list as a file that can be opened in a word processor, NoodleBib automatically formats your list according to the recommendations in the MLA Handbook (section 5.3 - 5.4). This includes:
This formatting is illustrated below, using a source list created in NoodleBib and then opened in Microsoft Word:
There are no specific requirements for what contributors to include. The director and producer are typically credited in a citation.
If your paper focuses on the performance of one or more of the actors, it would make sense to list those actors in the citation. Be sure you read the instructions next to the "Other people involved in production" field in NoodleBib. Names you provide should be preceeded by a title (By, Dir., Prod., etc.) and written in First - Middle - Last order. Each group of names should be separated with a period, as in:
By E. M. Forster. Dir. James Ivory. Prod. Ismail Merchant. Perf. Maggie Smith, Denholm Eliot, Helena Bonham Carter, and Daniel Day-L